2017年中職高考英語(yǔ)試題解題技巧
高考閱讀理解信息匹配的 7 選 5 題型，主要考查考生對(duì)文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握。
從題型和內(nèi)容我們可以看出，選項(xiàng)可分為：a.主旨概括句(文章整體內(nèi)容)b.過(guò)渡性句子(文章結(jié)構(gòu))c.注釋性句子(上下文邏輯意義)三類(lèi)。其多余的兩個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)也往往從這三方面進(jìn)行設(shè)置，如主旨概括句或過(guò)于寬泛或以偏概全或偏離主題，過(guò)渡性句子不能反映文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)，注釋性句子與上文脫節(jié)等。
一、題型分析
分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，把握全篇文脈是閱讀填空題解題的關(guān)鍵。分析文章的層次包含兩種形式：一種是分析整篇文章的層次，也就是段落，另一種是分析每一個(gè)段落內(nèi)部的層次，也就是語(yǔ)篇層次。
語(yǔ)篇與段落是有區(qū)別的，語(yǔ)段是篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的中間層次，是由句子到篇的一種過(guò)渡形式，段落是在某些語(yǔ)體(如記敘文、議論文)中比語(yǔ)段更大的意義單位，較小的段落可以只包括一個(gè)語(yǔ)段或一個(gè)句子，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)段落通常由幾個(gè)語(yǔ)段構(gòu)成。構(gòu)成語(yǔ)段的方式有兩種，一是靠句際間意義的結(jié)合，二是靠句際間的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，邏輯性插入語(yǔ)來(lái)連接，在分析語(yǔ)段層次時(shí)，可以借助句際間的連接詞語(yǔ)作出判斷，但最主要的還是要真正體會(huì)句際間的意義關(guān)系，把握作者的思路，從語(yǔ)序上去發(fā)現(xiàn)斷續(xù)點(diǎn)，理清層次，好文章的層次非常清晰，只有層層入手，才能真正理解文章。
如下以 2009 年高考英語(yǔ)遼寧卷為樣題進(jìn)行分析: 第二節(jié)(共 5 小題:每小題 2 分, 滿(mǎn)分 10 分)
根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。
Taking good notes is a time-saving skill that will help you to become a batter student in several ways71 Second,your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test. Third, note-taking offers variety to your study time and helps you to hold your interest.
You will want to take notes during classroom discussions and while reading a textbook or doing research for a report.72 Whenever or however you take notes, keep in mind that note-taking is a selective process.73
The following methods may work best for you.
●Read the text quickly to find the main facts and ideas in it.
●Carefully read the text and watch for words that can show main points and supporting facts.
● Write your notes in your own words.
● 74
● Note any questions or ideas you may have about what was said or written.
As you take notes, you may want to use your own shorthand(速記). When you do, be sure that you understand
your symbols and that you use them all the time.75
A. Use words, not complete sentences.
B. There are three practical note-taking methods.
C. You must write your notes on separate paper.
D. Otherwise, you may not be able to read your notes later.
E. you will also want to develop your own method for taking notes.
F. That means you must first decide what is important enough to include in your notes.
G. First, the simple act of writing something down makes it easier for you to understand and remember it.
答案：GEFAD 分析：這篇文章整體分為四個(gè)段落層次，每個(gè)段落均由幾個(gè)語(yǔ)段構(gòu)成相對(duì)獨(dú)立地語(yǔ)義單位，各段都圍繞“Taking good notes”這樣一個(gè)中心話(huà)題，形成了文章的線性結(jié)構(gòu)。
第一段講述的是做筆記是好學(xué)生在多方面的一項(xiàng)省時(shí)技巧，第二段講述的是不管何時(shí)、用何種方法做筆記，都要有選擇性的做記錄，第三段講述的是做筆記的最佳方法，第四段講述的是要記住自己的速記符號(hào)，這就形成了文章的層次結(jié)構(gòu)，這對(duì)下一步的做題有了明確的整體方向。
二、解題策略
1.理清句際間的關(guān)系
文章的內(nèi)容是根據(jù)各層各段的大意有機(jī)地組合而成，各個(gè)層次，各個(gè)段落之間不管怎樣錯(cuò)落有致，但它所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容都是要圍繞中心的，各句之間都有一定的語(yǔ)脈，從邏輯意義上來(lái)看，語(yǔ)段的句際關(guān)系可分為平列、順序、層遞、轉(zhuǎn)折、總分、解釋、因果等關(guān)系。構(gòu)成語(yǔ)段的各個(gè)句子之間有時(shí)可以包含一種以上的句際關(guān)系。因此，理解閱讀材料時(shí)一定要把握語(yǔ)脈，理清句際間的關(guān)系，進(jìn)而理解語(yǔ)段或全文的內(nèi)容。
2.找出句子之間的連接性的詞語(yǔ)
文章的語(yǔ)句間的組合，除了從語(yǔ)句間的意義關(guān)系分析外，還可借助句子之間的連接性詞語(yǔ)來(lái)把握，因?yàn)檫B接性詞語(yǔ)能表明這個(gè)語(yǔ)段句與句之間、層與層之間的基本關(guān)系有：
承接關(guān)系(如 so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result 等)
平列關(guān)系(如first, second, third…; firstly, secondly, thirdly…; first, next, then…; in the first place, in the second place…; for one thing, for another thing…;to begin with, to conclude 等)。如文中的選項(xiàng) 71，由 Second、Third 得知應(yīng)選表示平列關(guān)系的句子 G.項(xiàng)。
轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系(如 however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever,whatever on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely, otherwise 等)。比如選項(xiàng) 75，與前句構(gòu)成了轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故應(yīng)選 D 項(xiàng)答案。
層遞關(guān)系(如 also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, what’s more, too, either, neither,not…but…, not only…but also 等)。如 72 選項(xiàng)，與前句組合為層遞關(guān)系，故應(yīng)選包含 also 的 E.項(xiàng)句子。
解釋關(guān)系，如 73 選項(xiàng)應(yīng)選 F.選項(xiàng)，與 74 選項(xiàng)平等的，是一組祈示句，而非陳述句，故應(yīng)選 A.項(xiàng)而非 B項(xiàng)。
三、實(shí)施步驟
對(duì)一個(gè)語(yǔ)段或語(yǔ)篇的分析，可以按以下步驟進(jìn)行：
1.通讀全文對(duì)文章進(jìn)行快速瀏覽，尋找主題句，抓住文章結(jié)構(gòu)及文章的寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容。
在閱讀過(guò)程中，要注意文章的開(kāi)始與結(jié)束段落，尤其是文章的首段及末段末句，因?yàn)?ldquo;開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山”與“結(jié)尾總結(jié)”的寫(xiě)作方式為常見(jiàn)的寫(xiě)作方式，首段的末句一般是是全文的主題所在，說(shuō)明本文將探討哪些內(nèi)容，并簡(jiǎn)要指出文章的寫(xiě)作思路，有時(shí)甚至?xí)蕴峋V的形式進(jìn)行呈現(xiàn)。首段的末句對(duì)于快速掌握文章的'主題具有重要意義，如果它是文章的主題句，就可以使讀者迅速明確文章情節(jié)將如何展開(kāi)，并對(duì)文章的寫(xiě)作主題有了整體的了解。如果末句不是主題句，則需要繼續(xù)尋找。這時(shí)，可以考慮文章的寫(xiě)作方式是否為“結(jié)尾總結(jié)”式，如兩者均可排除，則需在文章中其他段落尋找主題句，但要注意，首段與末段的提示作用。
2.詳讀段落在短時(shí)間內(nèi)，找出每段寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容的關(guān)鍵詞。明確各段的主題句或主旨大意。
文章正文部分通常分為若干小段落。各段落會(huì)根據(jù)整體文章寫(xiě)作主題展開(kāi)，對(duì)文章主體進(jìn)行的不同方面的描述。找出各個(gè)小段落中的關(guān)鍵詞，明確其描述內(nèi)容，為整體試題的解決做好鋪墊。
3.定位選項(xiàng)明確各備選選項(xiàng)的含義，抓住其關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，根據(jù)文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)與具體內(nèi)容，將選項(xiàng)填入文中，填寫(xiě)時(shí)尤為注意各選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的句子銜接手段及句中的銜接標(biāo)志詞。
在定位選項(xiàng)時(shí)，要特別注意空格上下段的寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容，以及空格上段尾句和下段首句的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義。將所選項(xiàng)放入空白處，看看是否與上下文構(gòu)成語(yǔ)義及邏輯上的直接關(guān)系，是否符合該處語(yǔ)境。能否承接前后的寫(xiě)作線索。使文章無(wú)論內(nèi)容還是銜接上都能做到通順。
4.通讀復(fù)檢將所選答案代入文中，再次通讀全文，重點(diǎn)考查邏輯關(guān)系和關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)。
在完成選項(xiàng)定位后，應(yīng)通讀全文，檢查文章內(nèi)容是否完整，語(yǔ)義是否連貫合理、各段落內(nèi)容是否緊扣主題，語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)是否通順連貫、具有一致性、合乎邏輯，寫(xiě)作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用語(yǔ)是否恰當(dāng)貼切，從而判斷選擇的答案是否正確。同時(shí)，我們還應(yīng)注意對(duì)相近選項(xiàng)的對(duì)比分析，個(gè)別干擾項(xiàng)由于與某個(gè)正確選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容相近具有很強(qiáng)的干擾性，這時(shí)就需要我們認(rèn)真分析，仔細(xì)甄別，排除干擾，從而得出正確選項(xiàng)。
要特別注意，除非有充分的理由否定向前的選擇，否則不要倉(cāng)促更改。只要前兩步投入了精力，動(dòng)了腦筋，第一印象往往可信度很高。
5.確定排除研究多余選項(xiàng)，確定排除理由，最終確定答案。
延伸閱讀
中職高考英語(yǔ)練習(xí)試題：完形填空
The rays of the sunlight shone on my grandmother’s face. For just a moment she closed her eyes as if 1 the sunlight to warm her entire body. When one’s 2 is approaching its end,I 3 that all the bitterness and the boring moments will become meaningless.
My grandmother opened her eyes 4 ,saying,“Don’t live your life without living it. I worked too hard. I 5 many things because I was trying to make a 6 tomorrow for my family. What is a good tomorrow if you 7 missing today?”
She closed her eyes once more as if allowing what she said to marinate (浸泡) within me. I realized that she was 8 her life as if she were a bystander. I knew that when my grandmother spoke those words to me,she was feeling 9 . Though we cannot change the past,we can 10 the future.
As a college graduate,I knew my grandmother was showing me another 11 tool to add to my defense against this sometimes harsh world.
That night,I slept the soundest sleep I ever had. A sense of 12 fell over me that I hadn’t felt in a long while. My 13 ,cares and concerns seemed weightless and were 14 by the words of my grandmother:“Don’t live your life without living it.”
I was 15 woken out of a sound sleep by my mother. Before she muttered the words through sobs and 16 ,I knew why she was 17 me.
Later that morning as I sat at the kitchen table,a single tear ran down my face. Through the window,a ray of sunlight 18 me inside out. I knew it was a hug from my grandmother. And I knew that for the rest of my life her 19 would reverberate (回響) in my thoughts. She had given me the best 20 I had ever had.
1.A.persuading B.ordering C.encouraging D.allowing
2.A.treatment B.life C.course D.term
3.A.remember B.joke C.imagine D.suggest
4.A.carefully B.finally C.slowly D.instantly
5.A.learned B.missed C.gained D.broke
6.A.better B.clearer C.busier D.longer
7.A.consider B.keep C.mind D.avoid
8.A.ending B.changing C.reviewing D.standing
9.A.happy B.anger C.sympathy D.regret
10.A.face B.have C.influence D.judge
11.A.heavy B.new C.expensive D.valuable
12.A.peace B.duty C.beauty D.right
13.A.worries B.satisfactions C.dangers D.surprises
14.A.sorted B.replaced C.recorded D.attracted
15.A.quickly B.luckily C.regularly D.suddenly
16.A.astonishment B.blames C.tears D.complaints
17.A.comforting B.teaching C.waking D.saving
18.A.turned B.warmed C.moved D.dried
19.A.promises B.words C.congratulations D.descriptions
20.A.advice B.method C.lecture D.chance
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】
本文作者告訴我們:如果你不好好地對(duì)待你的生活,它將會(huì)遺棄你。我們不能改變昨天,但我們能影響未來(lái)。
【答案及解析】
1.D 此時(shí)她閉上眼睛,聽(tīng)任(allowing)陽(yáng)光溫暖全身。下文中She closed her eyes once more as if allowing what she said to marinate (浸泡) within me.可作提示。
2.B 由下文I knew that for the rest of my life可知應(yīng)選life。
3.C 當(dāng)一個(gè)人的生命將要走到盡頭,我認(rèn)為(imagine)所有的痛苦和無(wú)聊的時(shí)刻將變得毫無(wú)意義。
4.C 祖母慢慢地(slowly)睜開(kāi)了眼睛。
5.B 由上下文可知,祖母由于工作和家庭原因,自己錯(cuò)過(guò)(missed)的太多。
6.A 根據(jù)句意和下文What is a good tomorrow可知,祖母一直為了家人有更加美好的(better)明天而奮斗。
7.B 假如你總是錯(cuò)過(guò)今天,那怎么會(huì)有一個(gè)更好的明天呢?keep doing sth.意為“一直做某事”。
8.C 這時(shí)我意識(shí)到她在回顧(reviewing)她的一生。
9.D 由上文可知,祖母此時(shí)心中有些遺憾(regret)。
10.C 我們雖不能改變過(guò)去,但我們可以影響未來(lái)。influence此處意為“影響”。
11.D 我意識(shí)到,面對(duì)這一有時(shí)極其殘忍的世界,祖母又為我留了一件有價(jià)值的(valuable)工具。
12.A 由上文I slept the soundest sleep I ever had可知,作者內(nèi)心的平靜。a sense of peace平靜的感覺(jué)。
13.A worries與其后的cares,concerns為近義詞。
14.B 內(nèi)心所有擔(dān)心、顧慮變得無(wú)足輕重,這一切被祖母的話(huà)替代(replaced)。
15.D 由下文可知,我突然(suddenly)被母親喚醒。
16.C 哭泣和眼淚并列,故選tears。
17.C 我知道母親喚醒(waking)我的理由。
18.B 一縷陽(yáng)光溫暖了(warmed)我全身。
19.B 由上下文可知,是祖母的話(huà)不斷地在內(nèi)心深處回響。
20.A 祖母給我講的話(huà)“Don’t live your life without living it.”是給我一生最好的 呢?應(yīng)是教誨或建議。故選項(xiàng)A正確。
【疑難詞匯解讀】
1.harsh adj.嚴(yán)厲的,嚴(yán)酷的
He received a harsh punishment from his history teacher yesterday. 昨天他受到歷史老師嚴(yán)厲的懲罰。
2.mutter v.輕聲說(shuō)話(huà)
He sat there shaking his head,muttering to himself.
他坐在那兒搖著頭,小聲地自言自語(yǔ)。
【長(zhǎng)難句子分析】
When one’s life is approaching its end,I imagine that all the bitterness and the boring moments will become meaningless.
句子為復(fù)合句,When one’s life is approaching its end為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,that all the bitterness and the boring moments will become meaningless為賓語(yǔ)從句。
句意:當(dāng)一個(gè)人的生命將要走到盡頭,我認(rèn)為所有的痛苦和無(wú)聊的時(shí)刻將變得毫無(wú)意義。
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