成功戒煙者工資更高
Former smokers earn higher wages than smokers and people who have never smoked, according to new research.
一項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，成功戒煙者的工資水平要高于未戒煙者和從未吸過(guò)煙的人。
In a working paper published by the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, research economists Julie L. Hotchkiss and M. Melinda Pitts studied the relationship between smoking and wages. Using data from the Tobacco Use Supplement to the U.S. Census Bureau's Current Population Survey over the period of 1992 to 2011, the economists found that people who had quit smoking for at least a year earned higher wages than smokers and people who had never smoked. The data shows that nonsmokers, which include never smokers and former smokers, bring in about 95% of the hourly wages of former smokers.
在亞特蘭大聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備銀行公布的一份工作論文當(dāng)中，霍奇基斯和皮茨這兩名經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)吸煙與工資之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了研究。利用從1992年到2011年間美國(guó)人口普查局當(dāng)期人口調(diào)查中的《煙草制品使用情況附錄》數(shù)據(jù)，兩人發(fā)現(xiàn)，成功戒煙至少一年的人群，其工資高于未戒煙者和從未吸過(guò)煙的人。數(shù)據(jù)表明，不吸煙人群(包括從不吸煙的人群和已經(jīng)戒煙的人群)的每小時(shí)工資水平大致相當(dāng)于已戒煙者的95%。
Smokers, on the other hand, are not rewarded as much in the workplace. They earned about 80% of nonsmokers' wages. Even one cigarette a day triggers a wage gap between smokers and nonsmokers, the economists write. 'Smoking erodes the value of your human capital in the labor market,' said Ms. Pitts.
而另一方面，職場(chǎng)中未戒煙者的情況要更差一些。兩名經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家寫(xiě)道，他們的工資水平相當(dāng)于不吸煙人群的80%。皮茨說(shuō)，吸煙會(huì)侵蝕你在勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)上的.人力資源價(jià)值。
Are tobacco users earning less because smoking reduces their productivity? Ms. Hotckiss and Ms. Pitts didn't find evidence for this. The two economists tested the relationship between wages and smoking intensity and found that the frequency at which people smoke doesn't significantly affect their earnings. 'The idea is that if the productivity was affected by smoking, then heavier smokers would have a much larger wage gap. We didn't find support for this hypothesis,' said Ms. Pitts.
未戒煙者的工資水平較低是不是因?yàn)槲鼰熃档土怂麄兊膭趧?dòng)生產(chǎn)率呢?霍奇基斯和皮茨并沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān)證據(jù)。這兩名經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家測(cè)試了工資和吸煙強(qiáng)度的關(guān)系，發(fā)現(xiàn)吸煙的頻度對(duì)他們的收入沒(méi)有顯著影響。皮茨說(shuō)，這里面的邏輯是，如果說(shuō)吸煙影響生產(chǎn)率，那么吸煙頻率高的人的工資差距就應(yīng)該大一些，不過(guò)我們并沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)支持這一假設(shè)的證據(jù)。
They determined that differences in the characteristics of smokers and nonsmokers, such as educational attainment, as well as unmeasured factors such as an employer's tolerance to smoking behavior, are mostly driving the wage gap. They noted that education level was the largest contributing variable. Nonsmokers tend to be more educated, are less likely to have spouses who smoke and live in states where cigarette prices are higher than smokers.
他們認(rèn)為，未戒煙人群和不吸煙人群之間出現(xiàn)的工資水平差距大部分原因在于特質(zhì)上的差別(比如受教育程度)和其他未測(cè)量的因素(比如雇主對(duì)抽煙這種行為的容忍度)。他們指出，受教育程度是影響最大的變量。與未戒煙人群相比，不吸煙人群的受教育程度更高，其配偶吸煙的可能性也更低，并且居住在香煙價(jià)格水平更高的州里面。
The findings suggest that the characteristics of former smokers are more highly rewarded in the labor market than those of smokers and people who have never smoked. 'It takes a special person to quit an addictive behavior, and there is a higher reward for smoking cessation than not ever starting it,' said Ms. Pitts. 'I think the qualities of persistence, patience and everything else that goes along with being able to quit are valuable to employers.'
相關(guān)發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，與未戒煙者和從未吸過(guò)煙的人相比，戒煙者的特質(zhì)在勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)中更被看重。皮茨說(shuō)：只有比較特別的人才能戒掉一種成癮行為，因此，與從未開(kāi)始吸煙這種行為相比，戒煙這種行為得到的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)更高;我認(rèn)為，對(duì)雇主而言，堅(jiān)持、耐心和其他與戒煙能力相關(guān)的所有品質(zhì)都很有價(jià)值。
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