英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告
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英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告1
論文題目：the Application and Innovation
一、選題的意義和研究現(xiàn)狀
1．選題的目的、理論意義和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義
長(zhǎng)時(shí)期以來(lái), 人們視艾米莉?勃朗特為英國(guó)文學(xué)中的“斯芬克斯”。關(guān)于她本人和她的作品都有很多難解之謎, 許多評(píng)論家從不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的結(jié)論, 因而往往是舊謎剛解, 新謎又出, 解謎熱潮似永無(wú)休止。
本文立足于歐美文學(xué)中的哥特傳統(tǒng)研究《呼嘯山莊》的創(chuàng)作源泉, 指出艾米莉 勃朗特在主題、人物形象、環(huán)境刻畫、意象及情節(jié)構(gòu)造等方面都借鑒了哥特傳統(tǒng), 同時(shí)憑借其超乎尋常的想象力, 將現(xiàn)實(shí)與超現(xiàn)實(shí)融為一體, 給陳舊的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鮮活力, 達(dá)到了哥特形式與激情內(nèi)容的完美統(tǒng)一, 使《呼嘯山莊》既超越了哥特體裁的“黑色浪漫主義”, 又超越了維多利亞時(shí)代的“現(xiàn)實(shí)主義”, 從而展現(xiàn)出獨(dú)具一格、經(jīng)久不衰的藝術(shù)魅力。
2．與選題相關(guān)的國(guó)內(nèi)外研究和發(fā)展概況
二、研究方案
1．研究的基本內(nèi)容及預(yù)期的結(jié)果（大綱）
研究的基本內(nèi)容:本文立足于歐美文學(xué)中的哥特傳統(tǒng)研究《呼嘯山莊》的創(chuàng)作源泉, 指出艾米莉勃朗特在主題、人物形象、環(huán)境刻畫、意象及情節(jié)構(gòu)造等方面都借鑒了哥特傳統(tǒng), 同時(shí)憑借其超乎尋常的想象力, 將現(xiàn)實(shí)與超現(xiàn)實(shí)融為一體, 給陳舊的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鮮活力, 達(dá)到了哥特形式與激情內(nèi)容的完美統(tǒng)一, 使《呼嘯山莊》既超越了哥特體裁的“黑色浪漫主義”, 又超越了維多利亞時(shí)代的“現(xiàn)實(shí)主義”, 從而展現(xiàn)出獨(dú)具一格、經(jīng)久不衰的藝術(shù)魅力。
預(yù)期的結(jié)果（大綱）:
1．A Survey of Gothic
1.1 Definition of Gothic
2. Emily’s Gothic Heritage
2.1 Theme
2.1.1 Good and Evil
2.2 Characters Description
2.2.1 Villainhero
2.2.2 Delicate Young Girl
2.3 Atmosphere, Environment and Plot
2.3.1 Terror
2.3.2 Mystery
2.3.3 Supernatural
3.Emily’s Gothic Innovation
3.1 Combination of romanticism and Realism
3.1.1 Change of the Background
3.1.3 Stream of Consciousness
3.1.4 Illusion and Subconsciousness
3.2. Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology
2．?dāng)M采用的研究方法 主要有資料查找、理論探討研究、閱讀法
3.研究所需條件和可能存在的問題
研究所需條件：紙張、打印設(shè)備、圖書館、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上獲取國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)資料；可能存在的問題：(1)文獻(xiàn)不足; 。
(2) 由于個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)和能力，使對(duì)研究對(duì)象分析不夠全面和深入。
三、研究進(jìn)度安排、參考文獻(xiàn)及審查意見
1．研究進(jìn)度安排
�。�1）論文指導(dǎo)第一周（學(xué)期第八周）：學(xué)生完成初稿。
�。�2）論文指導(dǎo)第二周（學(xué)期第九周）：指導(dǎo)教師審閱論文初稿后發(fā)回修改。
�。�3）論文指導(dǎo)第三周（學(xué)期第十周）：學(xué)生交論文第二稿。
�。�4）論文指導(dǎo)第四周（學(xué)期第十一周）：指導(dǎo)教師審閱第二稿并發(fā)回給學(xué)生進(jìn)一步修改。
�。�5）論文指導(dǎo)第五周（學(xué)期第十二周）：定稿
（6）論文指導(dǎo)第六周（學(xué)期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和電子文本。
�。�7）論文指導(dǎo)第六周（學(xué)期第十三周）：本周星期五至論文指導(dǎo)第七周（學(xué)期第周）星期五，指導(dǎo)教師和評(píng)閱教師寫評(píng)語(yǔ)，學(xué)生做好答辯準(zhǔn)備。
�。�8）論文指導(dǎo)第七周（學(xué)期第十四周）：星期三至論文指導(dǎo)第八周（學(xué)期第十五周）開展答辯工作。
2. 應(yīng)收集資料及主要參考文獻(xiàn)（不少于8條）
[2] Gerin, Winifred. 1971. Emily Bronte [M]. New York: Oxford University Press.
[3] Marie, MulveyRoberts. ed. 1998.The handbook to gothic literature [A]. New York: New York University Press. p. 83.
[4] Punter, David. 1980. The Literature of Terror [M]. London: Longman. p. 6.
[7] 肖明翰. 20xx. 英美文學(xué)中的哥特傳統(tǒng)[J]. 外國(guó)文學(xué)評(píng)論第3期.
[8] 鮮于靜. 20xx. 神秘和怪誕的魅力??�？思{小說《八月之光》的哥特藝術(shù)研究[MA]. 中國(guó)學(xué)位論文全文庫(kù).
英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告2
一、選題來(lái)源、目的和意義：
本選題重在研究中西文化之間的差異以及這些差異對(duì)商務(wù)談判的影響，最后得出商務(wù)談判應(yīng)該采用的策略。
隨著我國(guó)加入WTO，國(guó)際貿(mào)易和對(duì)外交往將日益頻繁，國(guó)家與國(guó)家之間、企業(yè)與企業(yè)之間、個(gè)人與個(gè)人之間，由于存在經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的協(xié)調(diào)，無(wú)時(shí)無(wú)處不需要談判。出口商和進(jìn)口商要消除分歧，達(dá)成一項(xiàng)公平的相互之間滿意的交易，大多是通過商務(wù)談判才能做到的。因此與外界交往合作的主要方式 —— 跨文化商務(wù)談判在社會(huì)、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中的地位越來(lái)越重要。因此，和外商談判打交道的時(shí)候，不要忽略一些看似微不足道的細(xì)節(jié)，那些都有可能是成敗的關(guān)鍵。只有正確探悉、學(xué)習(xí)和熟悉不同國(guó)家的文化差異，意識(shí)到他們的重要性，才能更好地探討商務(wù)談判的策略，為最后談判的成功奠定基礎(chǔ)和提供理論依據(jù)。
二、課題的主要內(nèi)容(項(xiàng)目概要)：
1.談判與文化的綜述
2.文化差異因素對(duì)國(guó)際商務(wù)談判的影響
2.1 語(yǔ)言和非語(yǔ)言差異的影響
2.2 思維方式差異的影響
2.3 價(jià)值觀念差異的影響
3.應(yīng)對(duì)商務(wù)談判文化差異問題的對(duì)策
3.1 樹立跨文化的談判意識(shí)
3.2 談判前做好充足的準(zhǔn)備
3.3 懂得談判對(duì)方的語(yǔ)言
3.4 對(duì)待文化問題應(yīng)持有的態(tài)度
4.結(jié)尾
三、實(shí)施計(jì)劃(設(shè)計(jì)工作的主要階段、進(jìn)度和完成時(shí)間等)：
11月11日 畢業(yè)論文動(dòng)員大會(huì)
11月12日-12月1日 下達(dá)任務(wù)書
12月 2日-12月31日 確定論文題目
1月1日—1月31日 進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)資料的收集、篩選、做讀書筆記。
2月1日—2月28日 完成論文詳細(xì)提綱，交指導(dǎo)老師修改，補(bǔ)充。
3月1日—3月30日 進(jìn)行畢業(yè)論文初稿寫作。
4月1日—5月19日 畢業(yè)論文修改。
5月20日—6月5日 畢業(yè)論文定稿、裝訂、答辯。
四、參考文獻(xiàn)：
<1>李信，《中西方文化比較概論》，航空工業(yè)出版社，20xx.6
<2>李郁、張泳，淺談國(guó)際商務(wù)談判中的跨文化問題及對(duì)策[J]，商業(yè)研究，20xx.7
<3>廖瑛，《外貿(mào)談判英語(yǔ)》，對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)出版社，20xx.2
<4>肖云南，《國(guó)際商務(wù)談判》，清華大學(xué)和北方交通大學(xué)出版社，20xx.5
<5>楊晶，《商務(wù)談判》，清華大學(xué)出版社，20xx.1
<6>姚立，《商務(wù)談判—理論、實(shí)務(wù)、風(fēng)格》，中國(guó)城市出版社，20xx.3
<7>袁其剛，《國(guó)際商務(wù)談判》，山東人民出版社，20xx.2
英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告3
1 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
China plays a much more important role in world economic system along with thedevelopment of economic globalization. Economic globalization not only accelerates our country'seconomic growth, but also promotes the speed of international trade all over the world. Thereforeexcellent business communication competence becomes increasingly important as well. As one ofthe language media business English correspondence aims to link overseas and domestic economicentities, exchange information, communicate with each other and deal with business. It plays anextremely important role in the frequent international trade. It is no exaggeration to say, businessEnglish correspondence is used in every step of business activities.
The course of business English writing has almost expanded into every university curriculum.Both foreign and domestic scholars have done researches on business English correspondencefrom the perspective of lexicon, semantic fields, especially based on corpus. There are two majorlarge-scale corpora on business English. One is Nelson's Business English Corpus (BEC for short)accounting for one million words. The other one is Poly U Business Corpora constructed by HongKong Polytechnic University. The Poly U Business Corpora are made up of three comparablecorpora of Chinese, English and Japanese business texts, the majority of which originate from thebusiness and finance sections of newspapers written in those languages, covering news and reportsfrom auditing and accounting to insurance and investments. Each of the corpora has more than onemillion words. It is accessible on line for searching key words to see a concordance taken fromPoly U Business English corpus, which is helpful to students and teachers. It is thus obviously thatbusiness English is quite important so that attracts much attention from linguistic researchers. Ithas been an overriding aim of this project to create a resource for researchers to help furtherknowledge of an area which so far has been the research topic of many scholars.
1.2 Significance of the Study
This thesis makes a relatively complete study of business English correspondence from theperspective of lexical grammar theory and syntactic theory. It takes up business Englishcorrespondence as its research topic and aims to propose some feasible strategies in businessEnglish correspondence writing and teaching. The study expected to achieve both theoretical andpractical significance as follows:
First of all, this study will introduce a new research method. Corpus provides a brand newway for the study of language. It breaks through the traditional method of intuitive experiencemethod and turns to the original analysis of natural language in order to provide a firm foundationand data support for language research in various fields. Traditional intuitive experience methodfocuses on personal experience and intuition, manual methods or introspective method whichcould acquire linguistic knowledge only from limited data of language materials. This method ofacquiring linguistic knowledge is not only inefficiency but also more subjective which inevitablyleads a effect on the accuracy of final result. However, corpus-based approach is totally different.Corpus can find the target data quickly by using computer software for scientific analysis, andovercome the limitation of traditional research on the subjectivity and one-sidedness. Thismacroscopic method can carry on a multi-level and all-rounded research on the basis of a largenumber of real data, and effectively promote the new theoretical model and research paradigm. Italso relies on computer science to achieve its powerful function in language searching, andprovides a new method in linguistic research for the majority of language researchers.
Secondly, a clear understanding of lexical grammar theory could be achieved. Language is atool for human communication which inevitably cannot do without meaning expression andunderstanding. Sinclair broke the previous rules of describing vocabulary and grammar in aseparate way. Therefore, a new point of view has been proposed. That is language should bedescribed by using the way combining vocabulary and grammar which opened up a new path forlanguage description based on a corpus. Then he proposed lexical grammar, and believed thatvocabulary and grammar are equally important, in which vocabulary is the starting point forbuilding the language model. The key aspects about the origin of lexical grammar and thewholeness of lexis and grammar will be discussed in detail in next chapter and this study is basedon the theory of lexical grammar to explore the features of business English correspondence fromlexical and syntactic levels.
Thirdly, after a relatively complete study on the business English correspondence, typicallexical and syntactic features could be worked out.
Fourthly, feasible strategies could be proposed to business English correspondence writingand teaching.
1.3 Layout of the Thesis
In this thesis, the study will do some research on business English correspondence andmanage to summarize some common syntactic features of business English correspondence basedon lexical-grammar theory and syntactic theory. This thesis is divided into the following six parts:
Chapter 1, the introduction part is an introduction concerning the theme of the thesis,including a general introduction of the background and significance of the study and theorganization of the whole thesis.
Chapter 2, a literature review is provided in this chapter, which gives out an overview of thecorpus linguistics and business English correspondence. It first introduces business Englishcorrespondence and corpus linguistics briefly, and then gives a comprehensive introduction tothem which are also discussed here for better understanding to the field that the theory will beapplied to. Relevant studies both on Corpus linguistics and business English correspondence arealso presented at the end of each part.
Chapter 3 introduces the theoretical framework which contains four main parts: principles ofbusiness English correspondence, the application in corpus linguistics, lexical grammar andsyntactic theory. Then Sinclair's lexical grammar theory and syntactic theory will be discussed indetail. In the end of this chapter, the writer will talk about the paper's feasibility.
Chapter 4 addresses the research methodology of the study which includes the corpus-basedquantitative and qualitative method, the corpus and instruments used in the study, the proceduresof the study both in relation to data collection and data processing and concordance.
Chapter 5 is the main part of the thesis of which lexical and syntactic features will bediscussed and analyzed in this part. Word length, sentence length, wordlist and some other wordfrequency will be listed and analyzed in detail.
Chapter 6 draws a conclusion of the thesis, which gives a summary to the whole paper.Besides the major findings of the study, it also points out the limitations and difficulties of thepresent study.
2 CONTENTS
Abstract in Chinese
Abstract in English
1 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Significance of the Study
1.3 Layout of the Thesis
2 Literature Review
2.1 Studies on Business English Correspondence Abroad and at Home
2.2 Studies based on Corpus Linguistics Abroad and at Home
2.3 Summary
3 Theoretical Framework
3.1 Writing Principles of Business English Correspondence
3.2 Lexical Grammar
3.3 Syntactic Theory
4 Methodology
4.1 Corpus-Based Approach
4.2 Research Instruments
4.3 Research Procedures
4.3.1 Data Collection
4.3.2 Data Clean-up
4.3.3 Tokenization
4.3.4 Lemmatization
4.3.5 Part-of-speech Tagging
5 Results and Discussions
5.1 Syntactic Complexity Analysis
5.1.1 Analysis of Word Length and Sentence Length
5.1.2 Contrastive Analysis between Content Words and Function Words
5.1.3 Contrastive Analysis between Simple Sentence and Complex Sentence
5.2 Syntactic Pattern Analysis
5.2.1 Passive Voice
5.2.2 Interrogative Sentence
5.2.3 Subjunctive Mood
5.3 Syntactic Feature Analysis
5.3.1 Syntactic Feature of Letters of Request and Comfirmation
5.3.2 Syntactic Feature of Letters of Acceptance and Refusal
5.3.3 Syntactic Feature of Letters of Appreciation and Apology
6 Conclusion
6.1 Major Findings
6.2 Implications for the Study
6.3 Limitations
Acknowledgement
References
Appendix
Papers published in the period of Ph. M. education
進(jìn)度安排
1.Collecting the related materials and designing theresearch, data analysis: Sep.1st-Dec.31st,20xx
2.Writing the first draft: Jan.1st- Feb.31st, 20xx
3.Writing the second draft:Mar. 1st- Apr. 31st,20xx
4.Writing the final draft: May. 1st- May.31st,20xx
5.Preparing for defense of the thesis: June.1st- June31st,20xx
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[21]胡顯耀。用語(yǔ)料庫(kù)研究翻譯普遍性[J].解放軍外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，20xx(03)：45-48+81.
[22]嚴(yán)明。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)料庫(kù)開發(fā)與應(yīng)用研究[M].北京，中國(guó)商務(wù)出版社，20xx:8.
[23]張軍，李文中。 COLEC中動(dòng)名搭配模式及失誤分析[J].外語(yǔ)教學(xué)，20xx(4)：30-32.
[24]張繼東，劉萍。中國(guó)大學(xué)生英語(yǔ)寫作中的使役結(jié)構(gòu)及相應(yīng)的詞化現(xiàn)象調(diào)查與分析[J].外語(yǔ)研究，20xx(3)：35-39.
[25]梁茂成，中國(guó)大學(xué)生英語(yǔ)筆語(yǔ)中的情態(tài)序列研究[J].外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究(1)：51-58.
[26]肖忠華，曹雁。中外作者科技論文英文摘要多維度語(yǔ)步對(duì)比研究[J].外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究，20xx(02)：260-272+321.
[27]王惠。 “精加工”平行語(yǔ)料庫(kù)在翻譯教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用[J].中國(guó)翻譯， 20xx(01)：50-54.
[28] David,C. Putting 'Putting Verbs' to the Test of Corpora [A]. K. Aijmer, B. Altenberg,Advances in Corpus Linguistics [C]. Beijing: World Publishing Corporation,20xx.
[29] Grant,L. A Corpus Comparison of the Use of I don't know by British and New ZealandSpeakers[J]. Journal of Pragmatics,20xx(vol. 42)。
[30] Cheng,W. 20xx. Exploring Corpus Linguistics: Language in Action[M]. London/ New York:Routledge:101.
[31] Sinclair,J. 20xx. Trust the Text: Language, Corpus and Discourse [M]. London/ New York:Routledge: 165-169.
[32] Chomsky,N. (1981)。 Lectures on Government and Binding[M]. Dordrecht:Foris:5.
[33] Chomsky,N.(20xxc)。 The architecture of language[M]. Nirmalangshu Mukherji,Bibudhendra Naraya Patnaik & Rama Kant Agihotri(ed)。 Oxford: Oxford University Press:54.
[34] Douglas Biber,Susan Conrad and Randi Reppen,Corpus Linguistics: Investigating LanguageStructure and Use[M]. Cambridge University Press,1998:4.
[35] Hunston,Susan. (20xx)。 Corpora in Allied Linguistics[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge UniversityPress,5.
[36] Carter,R,Mc Carthy,M. Grammar and Spoken Language[J]. Applied Linguistics,1995(vol.16)。
[37] Leech,G.(1991)The State-of-the-Art in Corpus Linguistics in Aijmer,K. & Altenberg, B.(eds) English Corpus Linguistics, Studies in Honour of Jan Svartvik. London and New York:Longman:10.
[38]梁茂成，李文中，許家金。語(yǔ)料庫(kù)應(yīng)用教程[M].北京，外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社，20xx:10.
[39] Tribble,C. (1998)。 Genres, Keywords, Teaching: Towards a Pedagogic Account of theLanguage of Project Proposals.Talk given at the Teaching and Learning with Corpora(TALC)Conference,June 1998. Oxford UK. Published in Burnrard,L.(ed)Teachingand Language Corpora 98. Proceedings of the 1998 TALC Conference,Oxford:7.
[40] Halliday,M. A. K. (1994)。 Introduction to Functional Grammar[M]. London,Arnold,352.[41]向明友。試論英語(yǔ)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的語(yǔ)法化[J].外語(yǔ)學(xué)刊，20xx(6)：84-89.
英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告4
系別：外語(yǔ)系 專業(yè)：英 語(yǔ) 所選題目名稱：
English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function
課題研究現(xiàn)狀：
English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary. The general tendencies of presentday English are towards more idiomatic usages. Halliday and Hason （1976） pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms （ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function）。 Another scholar, Fernando C. （1996）， also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text, and in the creation of stylistic effects.
Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin （1994, 1996）， Zhu Yongsheng （1995, 1996, 1997） and Zhang Delu （1994） mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.
課題研究目的：
This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them. It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discussion, attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically, thus more effectively.
課題研究?jī)?nèi)容：
As English idioms are much alive in everyday English, a close look at the function of idioms must be taken. This dissertation includes the following five aspects: 1. Introduction.
2. A General Study of English Idioms 2.1 The Definition of English Idioms 2.2 Features of English Idioms.
3. Cohesive Function of English Idioms 3.1 Cohesion.
3.2 Functional Categories.
3.3 Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms 3.4 Cohesive Function of Other Idioms.
4. The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics 4.1 Syntactic Cohesion 4.2 Pragmatic Function 5. Conclusion.
課題研究計(jì)劃：
January 22March 10: question posing of the research and collection of materials March 11March 25: analysis of the materials and writing of an outline.
March 26April 30: completion of the first draft and seeking supervisor’s advice May 1?June 10: refinement of the paper according to teacher’s suggestion.
June 11?June 22: finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence.
主要參考文獻(xiàn)：
[1] Fernando, C. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 20xx
[2] Halliday, M.A.K. and R. Hason. Cohesion in English. Longman Press, 1985
[3] Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press, 1980
[4] Makkai, A. Idiom Structure in English. The Hague Press,1972
[5] 林承璋。 英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)引論[M]. 武漢大學(xué)出版社，1987
[6] 陸國(guó)強(qiáng)。 現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)[M]. 上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社， 1999
[7] 汪榕培， 盧曉娟。 英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)教程[M]. 上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社， 1999
指導(dǎo)教師意見：
簽字：xx年xx月xx日
領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組意見：xxx
英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告5
英語(yǔ)論文的寫作，主要用于參加國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)，促進(jìn)中外學(xué)術(shù)文化交流，同學(xué)們可以圍繞著這個(gè)點(diǎn)開展論文。
英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告范例
一、論文題目：Classroom Interaction And Oral English Teaching
二、研究現(xiàn)狀：
對(duì)于課堂互動(dòng)與英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)教學(xué)之間的關(guān)系，國(guó)內(nèi)的研究主要集中在：
(1)構(gòu)建主義模式 它是以構(gòu)建主義理論為基礎(chǔ)的互動(dòng)模式，司洪海在《構(gòu)建主義理論與英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)教學(xué)》中從對(duì)現(xiàn)有教學(xué)模式的反思入手，探討將構(gòu)建主義引入英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)的必要性、可行性及其意義和作用。盧艷春和路雅琴在《構(gòu)建主義與大學(xué)英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)》中則分別從構(gòu)建知識(shí)觀構(gòu)建學(xué)習(xí)觀構(gòu)建教學(xué)觀入手，強(qiáng)調(diào)以學(xué)生為中心的主動(dòng)性、構(gòu)建性。
(2)角色扮演模式 徐志敏、王瑛在《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)課堂互動(dòng)教學(xué)中角色扮演探究》中著重探討了在角色扮演的互動(dòng)教學(xué)中教師的作用，對(duì)指導(dǎo)教學(xué)實(shí)踐具有重要的意義。而黃玉蘭在《角色扮演引入英語(yǔ)專業(yè)口語(yǔ)教學(xué)中》從角色扮演是多為互動(dòng)英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)教學(xué)模式的應(yīng)用探討了角色扮演這一教學(xué)方法的目的、步驟和利弊等方面。
(3)以學(xué)生為中心模式 這一模式被單獨(dú)研究的較少，黃影秋在《以學(xué)生為中心提高英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)效果的探索中》通過對(duì)學(xué)生口語(yǔ)課堂學(xué)習(xí)存在的問題的分析，提倡以學(xué)生為中心，實(shí)現(xiàn)教與學(xué)的雙邊互動(dòng)。并提出闡述如何運(yùn)用其他教學(xué)策略提高口語(yǔ)的教學(xué)效果，促進(jìn)學(xué)生交際能力的提高。而劉蓉在《談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)口語(yǔ)課堂互動(dòng)》中則提出了互動(dòng)可以創(chuàng)造以學(xué)生為中心的口語(yǔ)課堂和整體小組作業(yè)模式，提高口語(yǔ)交際能力。
(4)合作性學(xué)習(xí)模式 這種模式的研究較為普遍和盛行，它興起于美國(guó)，在后來(lái)取得實(shí)質(zhì)性的進(jìn)展的一種教學(xué)理論與策略。黃艷在《合作性學(xué)習(xí)在大學(xué)英語(yǔ)課堂的應(yīng)用》中提出了以下幾種合作模式，從而的出該模式的優(yōu)勢(shì)所在。顧曉樂在《合作性學(xué)習(xí)與情景劇表演》中從情劇表演的角度來(lái)證明合作性學(xué)習(xí)的有效性。肖巧玲在《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的合作學(xué)習(xí)》中則通過合作學(xué)習(xí)在口語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的實(shí)踐探究合作學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)注意的原則。而慕東文在《合作性學(xué)習(xí)的特點(diǎn)、目標(biāo)、內(nèi)容和實(shí)踐策略》一文中，他用人文精神和平等民主合作原則，對(duì)待新的理念，指導(dǎo)英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)教學(xué)。
(5)情景設(shè)置模式 它主要是根據(jù)Gillian BrownGeorge Yuled的語(yǔ)言情景對(duì)第二語(yǔ)言習(xí)得者的交際緊張、焦慮的研究表明口語(yǔ)情景設(shè)置不適當(dāng)，會(huì)影響學(xué)生用目標(biāo)語(yǔ)進(jìn)行交流，進(jìn)而強(qiáng)調(diào)進(jìn)行口語(yǔ)教學(xué)情景設(shè)置的重要性。張舍茹、孫邊旗在《英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)教學(xué)的情景設(shè)置》中就論述我們應(yīng)注意情景互動(dòng)教學(xué)中應(yīng)遵循的原則，及如何設(shè)置英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)教學(xué)中情景設(shè)置的形式兩個(gè)小方面局部性的探討了情景設(shè)置這種互動(dòng)模式。孫久榮在《論英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)課的情景教學(xué)》中對(duì)情景設(shè)置這個(gè)模式從宏觀上進(jìn)行了分類，進(jìn)而得出開放式情景和封閉式情景，為情景設(shè)置互動(dòng)模式研究開辟了一個(gè)小領(lǐng)域。
三、研究的目的及意義：
通過對(duì)目前已經(jīng)發(fā)展起來(lái)并比較成熟的幾種互動(dòng)模式的歸納來(lái)看：關(guān)于人際互動(dòng)這種互動(dòng)模式在目前的互動(dòng)性研究中被單獨(dú)研究還比較少，沒有被當(dāng)作一種獨(dú)立的模式應(yīng)用到英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)中，它更多的是被貫穿到其他幾種互動(dòng)模式當(dāng)中。因此，本論題認(rèn)為它還有進(jìn)一步研究的空間。
四、研究的理論依據(jù)和研究方法：
本論題將以教育心理學(xué)的理論為基礎(chǔ)，以互動(dòng)理論和構(gòu)建主義理論為依據(jù)，運(yùn)用歸納總結(jié)的方法對(duì)已有的研究進(jìn)行宏觀上的概述，從而引出本文論題，通過例證分析、驗(yàn)證人際互動(dòng)模式對(duì)課堂英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)教學(xué)效果的提高所具有的重要意義。
五、提綱：
Introduction
Chapter One Definition and Theoretical Basis of Interaction
1.1 Definition of Interaction
1.2 Theoretical Basis of Interaction
1.3 Some Main Interactive Modes in the Present Classroom
Chapter Two The Necessity And The Principles of Following InteractionTeaching Mode
2.1 The Disadvantage of Traditional Oral English Teaching Mode
2.2 The Necessity and Merit of Taking InteractionTeaching Mode
2.3 Oral English InteractionTeaching Mode Should Follow the Principles
Chapter Three Personal Interaction in the Oral English Teaching
3.1 The Relationship Between the Teacher and Students
3.2 Two Types of Personal Interaction
3.3 Classroom Climate
3.4 Classroom Size
Chapter Four The Evaluation of the Interactive Oral English Teaching Mode
4.1 Some Principles Should Follow When Evaluating
4.2 The Concept of Evaluating
4.3 The Technology of Evaluating
Conclusion
六、參考文獻(xiàn)
Jonssen, DHThinking Technology: Toward a Constructivist Design Model .Educational Technolgy. 3 (1994)： 3435.
Littlewood, William. Communicative Language Teaching .Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .1981.
盧艷春， 路雅琴。構(gòu)建主義與大學(xué)英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)教學(xué)。 前沿雜志。 11 (20xx)：98100.
司洪海。構(gòu)建主義理論與英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)教學(xué)。 基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)教育。 4 (20xx)：89.
吳蕾。構(gòu)建主義在英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用。() 東華大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社科版)。7 (20xx)：2324.
范雄飛， 黃玉蘭。把角色扮演引入英語(yǔ)專業(yè)口語(yǔ)教學(xué)之中。讀與寫雜志。 9 (20xx)：3537.
徐志敏， 王瑛。大學(xué)英語(yǔ)課堂互動(dòng)教學(xué)中角色扮演探究。 外語(yǔ)研究。 8 (20xx)：5657.
黃影秋。以學(xué)生為中心提高英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)課堂效果。 濟(jì)南職業(yè)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)。 3 (20xx)： 8188.
何亞娟。中學(xué)英語(yǔ)課堂互動(dòng)教學(xué)的探索與實(shí)踐。 渭南師院學(xué)報(bào)。 12 (20xx)： 7273.
顧曉樂， 黃芙蓉。合作學(xué)習(xí)與情景劇表演。 國(guó)外外語(yǔ)教學(xué)。 2 (20xx)：5556.
黃艷。合作性學(xué)習(xí)在大學(xué)英語(yǔ)課堂的應(yīng)用。 長(zhǎng)沙大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)。 10 (20xx)：145146.
慕東文。合作性學(xué)習(xí)的特點(diǎn)、目標(biāo)、內(nèi)容和實(shí)踐策略。 甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)。 6 (20xx)：304305.
孫邊旗，張舍茹。英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)教學(xué)的情景設(shè)置。 教育理論與實(shí)踐 8 (20xx)：3739.
孫久榮。論英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)課的情景教學(xué)。 遼陽(yáng)師專學(xué)報(bào) 21 (20xx)：8789.
英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告6
function and application of descriptive translation studies
1introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.「1」 「2」
2outline
development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be
under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”
英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告7
題目：
A Brief Analysis of the Significance of Optimism in Pollyanna
研究目的和意義：
拉伯雷曾經(jīng)說過：生活是一面鏡子，你對(duì)它笑，它就對(duì)你笑；你對(duì)它哭，它就對(duì)你哭。生活在于快樂，然而，現(xiàn)實(shí)是我們?cè)絹?lái)越富有，而大多數(shù)人卻越來(lái)越過的不快樂。本論文將通過對(duì)樂觀主義的定義，緣由及影響的闡述說明保持樂觀主義對(duì)自己，對(duì)家庭，對(duì)社會(huì)的重要性及其重要作用。說明隨著生活質(zhì)量的提高，生活態(tài)度也應(yīng)隨之轉(zhuǎn)變，也應(yīng)從悲觀主義向樂觀主義轉(zhuǎn)換。
國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)：
長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)，大多數(shù)研究都是針對(duì)沮喪抑郁等心理疾病，很少研究樂觀心理。據(jù)哈佛大學(xué)公開課講師泰勒、本—沙哈爾說，研究沮喪抑郁與研究樂觀心理的比例占28：1。在最近幾十年的研究中，樂觀主義已經(jīng)成為西方積極心理學(xué)的核心概念和研究熱點(diǎn)。但研究的都主要集中在個(gè)體身心健康，主觀幸福感上，對(duì)于如何在生活中培養(yǎng)人們的樂觀主義精神，更好地提高生活質(zhì)量尚為缺乏。
國(guó)內(nèi)外大量研究都證實(shí)了保持樂觀與身心健康密切相關(guān)，Schweizer等人研究結(jié)果表明，樂觀是心理健康最重要的預(yù)測(cè)變量，因?yàn)閭�(gè)人樂觀與生活滿意度呈正相關(guān)。我國(guó)學(xué)者袁莉敏，張日異，陶莎在探討大學(xué)里的樂觀主義傾向時(shí)也證實(shí)了這些結(jié)論。
今后，人們將會(huì)越來(lái)越意識(shí)到樂觀主義的重要性，越來(lái)越注意培養(yǎng)自己的樂觀主義精神。
主要研究?jī)?nèi)容：
本文旨在分析《波利安娜》所反映的樂觀主義價(jià)值觀。首先介紹美國(guó)樂觀主義的定義，緣由，歷史文化背景及其發(fā)展。然后敘述小說主要內(nèi)容，對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)生活文化所產(chǎn)生的影響及不同時(shí)期人們對(duì)小說的不同看法。再次通過對(duì)主人公的'樂觀主義性格分析，從自身，家庭，社會(huì)三個(gè)方面通過列舉，分析，比較等寫作方法說明保持樂觀主義對(duì)個(gè)人生活，家庭生活，社會(huì)整體的重要意義。主人公的經(jīng)歷也正證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn)，因此我們應(yīng)該時(shí)時(shí)刻刻保持樂觀主義精神。
擬采用的研究思路（方法、技術(shù)路線、可行性論證等）：
A、研究方法：
1、比較法。
2、分析法。
3、列舉法。
B、技術(shù)路線：大體分為3個(gè)階段：前期準(zhǔn)備，實(shí)施階段，后期階段。
前期階段：主要是閱讀一些與樂觀主義及關(guān)于其意義相關(guān)的書籍和報(bào)刊，觀看一些講述心理及社會(huì)生活相關(guān)的視頻，收集資料，為論文的寫作作準(zhǔn)備。實(shí)施階段：利用搜集的相關(guān)資料及數(shù)據(jù)，撰寫畢業(yè)論文。后期階段：將論文進(jìn)行多次修訂。
C、可行性論證：
1、相關(guān)資料豐富，有充實(shí)的理論依據(jù)支撐；
2、經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的指導(dǎo)老師指導(dǎo)；
3、研究線路清晰。
英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告8
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies 1 Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science、From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence、Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective、Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community、Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation、The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive、The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned、Translation phenomena are noted down、With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice、I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS、"Norm" is operative at every stage of description and explanation、Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies、Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions、Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告9
1. Research Intention
Tess of the D’urbervilles, the greatest novel of British famous writer Thomas Hardy (1840-1928), describes the misfortune of a poor peasant girl Tess. In this novel, we can see Tess resist her unjust fate again and again, suffer setbacks again and again, till to be destroyed. We can not help but feel the intense emotions of pity and fear. At the same time we deeply feel that her tragedy is inevitable. The cause of her tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin. What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? This paper will try to make a detailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of the heroine’s tragedy.
2. Literary Review
From the later nineteenth century until now,Thomas Hardy and his works have been the important topics of the criticism for a long time. After the Second World War, with the development of modern literary criticism, different critics interpret Tess of the D’urbervilles and Thomas Hardy’s other novels from various perspectives. For instance, Professor Webster begins with a discussion of Hardy’s intentions in writing Tess. According to his views, Tess of the D’urbervilles is a contribution to Hardy’s war against man’s inhumanity. Arnold Kettle takes a different point of view. For him the subject of Tess of the D’urbervilles is not the tragedy of a “pure woman”, but rather the destruction of the English peasantry. Mr. Kettle sees it as complete as a social novel. In China, Prof. Zhang and Wu have published their own books on Hardy’s novels and other works. There are
3. Research Process
This paper comprises three parts dealing respectively with several main factors that lead to Tess’s final tragedy, including the background, the social environment, two persons who are very closely related to Tess’s fate and finally the weakness of the central character’s personaliti
es. Besides, Tess’s sufferings were the result of some mysterious and incidental factors. The following is the outline of the paper. Part 1. Introduction
This part is a brief introduction to the author and his masterpiece.
1.1Thomas Hardy and his works
1.2Tess of the D’urbervilles
Part 2. Causes for the tragedy of Tess
The cause of Tess’s tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin. What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? In this paper, I try to make a detailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of heroine’s tragedy.
2.1 The impoverishment and decay of small farmers
This novel has for its setting the agricultural region of the southern countries of England. The writer truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers who become hired field hands and roam the country in search of seasonal job. These laborers are mercilessly exploited by the rich landowners. In this novel, we can see clearly that one of the real reasons that lead to her extermination is her impoverishment.
2.2Alec and Clare
In this novel, Hardy describes how Tess was killed by the times she lived in clearly. There are two persons who are very closely related to Tess’s fate. She, a daughter of poor peasants had been reduced to a wage laborer, so Alec--- the vicious capitalist power of the Victorian Times and Clare --- the representative of liberal bourgeoisie killed her cruelly and without mercy. It seemed that Alec was the prime culprit of Tess, but in fact, it was Clare who killed Tees more cruelly.
2.3 The weakness of her character
Apart from fierce Alec and hypocritical Clare, it is the weakness of her character that leads to her sad fate. Tess was able to fight against the unfairness of the society. She could face various difficulties in life bravely, yet she couldn’t extricate herself from traditional moral principles. She was aware that she was the victim of social violence and moral principles.On the other hand, though she dared to beat back the unjustness, she couldn’t break with traditional morality completely.
2.4 Some mysterious and incidental factors
The last but not the least, Tess’s sufferings were the result of some mysterious
and incidental factors. Examples of the fateful incidents abound in the novel. Part 3. Conclusion
It is the times she lived in and the weakness of her nature put her in such a poor situation. Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly. Facing such a serious situation, the weakness of her character became the accomplice. The tragic fate is not only that of Tess herself, but also the tragedy of the times she lived in.
4. Conclusion
Through studying the representative workTess of the D’urbervilles, we will be able to have a better appreciation of the great achievements of Thomas Hardy.It seemed that if there were no unexpected happenings, she might have a happy life; maybe she would finish her life peacefully. It appeared there were unexpected factors in her every important life stage, those factors lead to her tragedy. But in fact, just as we infer from our previous discussion, it is the times she lived in and the weakness of her nature put her in such a poor situation. Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly. Facing such a serious situation, the weakness of her character became the accomplice. The tragic fate is not only that of Tess herself, but also the tragedy of the times she lived in.
Bibliography
�。�1］Chen Jia. Selected Readings in English Literature(Volume 2)［M］.The Commercial Press, 20xx
［2］Chenxia. Analysis of the Tragic Mood in “Tess of the D’Urbervilles”
�。跩］.Journal of Renmin University of China (social societies), 1998(2):100-102
�。�3］Huangjing. On the causes of the tragedy of Tess［J］. Journal of Northwest
Minorities University (social science), 20xx, (3):95-98
［4］Li Jian, Yuanjing. The Reasons of the Tragedy of Tess［J］. Journal of Daqing
Teachers’ College, 20xx, (2):65-66
�。�5］Liu Yafei. Doomed from the start ［6］Thomas Hardy. Tess of the D’Urbervilles［M］.Beijing: Central Compilation
& Translation Press, 20xx
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英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告10
摘要
中國(guó)一向是禮儀之邦，禮儀對(duì)每個(gè)中國(guó)人來(lái)說是非常重要的，無(wú)論是會(huì)見親朋好友或者是在人與人的打交道上，都離不開禮儀。禮儀被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)人道德修養(yǎng)的表現(xiàn)，一個(gè)人若毫無(wú)禮儀可言，那么他在學(xué)習(xí)或工作時(shí)都將不會(huì)很順利，因?yàn)闆]有人愿意和這樣一個(gè)人相處。 由于社交禮儀在我們的生活中扮演了越來(lái)越重要的角色，我在選課的時(shí)候就選修了社交禮儀這門課程。通過這一個(gè)學(xué)期的學(xué)習(xí)，我從老師那里學(xué)到了許多有關(guān)社交禮儀方面的知識(shí)，不僅拓寬了知識(shí)面，而且許多東西在我的日常生活和以后的工作中都有很大用處，比如商務(wù)禮儀。
如今隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，特別是全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的不斷形成，各國(guó)間的聯(lián)系加強(qiáng)，商務(wù)往來(lái)增多，如何才能在眾多企業(yè)中脫穎而出，除了需要卓越的能力外，還要掌握有效溝通及妥善人際關(guān)系，建立良好優(yōu)雅的企業(yè)形象，此時(shí)，商務(wù)禮儀便起到了一個(gè)十分重要的作用。商務(wù)禮儀顧名思義就是商務(wù)活動(dòng)中對(duì)人的儀容儀表和言談舉止的普遍要求，體現(xiàn)了人與人之間的相互尊重，同時(shí)也約束了商務(wù)活動(dòng)中的某些方面。而在商務(wù)往來(lái)中，任何一個(gè)表現(xiàn)都可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致意想不到的結(jié)果，也許是一塊手表，也許是一頓晚餐。
學(xué)習(xí)了商務(wù)禮儀之后更加讓我意識(shí)到了這一點(diǎn)。學(xué)習(xí)商務(wù)禮儀最主要的是可以提高個(gè)人的素養(yǎng)。比爾蓋茨曾講過，企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，是員工素質(zhì)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，進(jìn)而到企業(yè)，就是企業(yè)形象的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，教養(yǎng)體現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)，細(xì)節(jié)展示素質(zhì)，可見一個(gè)人的素養(yǎng)高低對(duì)企業(yè)的發(fā)展是多么重要��！其次是為了交際應(yīng)酬，因?yàn)樯虅?wù)活動(dòng)中畢竟是離不開這個(gè)的，在不同的交往活動(dòng)中我們會(huì)遇到不同的人，而面對(duì)不同的人怎樣進(jìn)行交往也是一門藝術(shù)，如何讓人感到舒服，卻又沒有拍馬屁的嫌疑是非常關(guān)鍵的。最后便是有助于維護(hù)企業(yè)形象。在商務(wù)交往中，個(gè)人便代表了整體，個(gè)人的所作所為，一舉一動(dòng)，一言一行，就是企業(yè)的典型活體廣告。
下面將從以下幾點(diǎn)來(lái)對(duì)我所學(xué)習(xí)的知識(shí)進(jìn)行總結(jié)：
一、禮儀概述
1交際與禮儀產(chǎn)生的歷史背景
人類最早的禮儀活動(dòng)也就是禮儀萌芽時(shí)期，可以追朔到原始社會(huì)， 當(dāng)時(shí)的禮儀較為簡(jiǎn)單和虔誠(chéng)且不具備階級(jí)性，禮儀的內(nèi)容包括；制定了明確血緣關(guān)系的婚嫁禮儀；區(qū)別部族內(nèi)部尊卑等級(jí)的禮制；為祭天敬神的制定的一些祭奠儀式；制定一些人們?cè)谙嗷ソ煌鶗r(shí)表示禮節(jié)表示恭敬的動(dòng)作。
禮儀形成的具體時(shí)期則是；夏、商、西周（公元前21世紀(jì)公元前771年）人類逐步進(jìn)入奴隸社會(huì)，階級(jí)開始形成，統(tǒng)治階級(jí)為了鞏固自己的統(tǒng)治地位把原始宗教禮儀發(fā)展成為符合奴隸社會(huì)政治需要的禮制。在這個(gè)階段中國(guó)第一次形成了比較完整的國(guó)家禮儀與制度，隨著生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展，商業(yè)逐步開始出現(xiàn)，直到春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期，禮儀制度開始變革，禮儀范圍擴(kuò)大，商業(yè)在社會(huì)中逐步被認(rèn)可，人們因?yàn)樯虅?wù)活動(dòng)而進(jìn)行的往來(lái)也逐步增多，并在商務(wù)活動(dòng)中的交際中另外形成了一套禮儀制度商務(wù)禮儀。
到歐洲中世紀(jì)，工業(yè)革命的出現(xiàn) 使得生產(chǎn)力空前的發(fā)展，歐洲各國(guó)開始逐步入資本主義，商業(yè)占據(jù)了社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的主導(dǎo)地位，資本家大量聚集了社會(huì)財(cái)富，新貴由此族誕生，資本家之間的商務(wù)往來(lái)與交際范圍開始擴(kuò)大，貴族之間定期的聚會(huì)則成為了重要的交際方式之一，在交際中所產(chǎn)生的禮儀日漸完善，由此，商務(wù)禮儀也正式形成。部分內(nèi)容沿用至今。 2禮儀的含義及種類
禮儀是規(guī)范自己、尊重他人的一種行為規(guī)范，是表現(xiàn)對(duì)他人尊重和理解的過程和手段。。禮儀中的禮字指的是尊重，尊重自己，尊重他人，而禮儀中的儀就是儀式，是一種尊重自己，尊重他人的表現(xiàn)形式。它是人際交往中必不可少的一種手過程，是塑造形像的手段，是人們生
活和社會(huì)交往中逐漸形成的行為規(guī)范和禮儀規(guī)范。
禮儀的種類分有多種，主要有以下大類：
1.古代禮儀。中國(guó)自古以來(lái)就是禮儀之邦，禮儀文明作為中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的一個(gè)重要組成部分，對(duì)中國(guó)社會(huì)歷史發(fā)展起了廣泛深遠(yuǎn)的影響，其內(nèi)容是十分豐富的，很多古代禮儀文化到今天仍然有積極、普片意義的文明禮儀，如：尊老敬賢，儀尚適宜，禮貌待人，容儀有整。尊老敬賢，我國(guó)自原始社會(huì)就已經(jīng)逐漸形成的禮儀，在古代社會(huì)，人際的政治倫理關(guān)系均以氏族、家庭的血緣關(guān)系為紐帶，故此在家庭里面遵從祖上，在社會(huì)尊敬長(zhǎng)輩，是古代禮儀的典型例子。而由于中國(guó)古代社會(huì)推崇禮治和仁政，敬賢已經(jīng)成為一種歷史的要求。孟子說：養(yǎng)老尊賢，俊杰在位，則有慶古代這種傳統(tǒng)禮儀，對(duì)于形成有序和諧的倫理關(guān)系，不管過去和現(xiàn)代，都起著重要作用。儀尚適宜，，是指一些中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日的各種特定的禮俗和規(guī)定。每個(gè)諸如春節(jié)，元宵，中秋都有其各自的禮俗和講究。在今天我們依然保持著這些優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)，并且貴在適宜，如《二程集》中所說奢自文生，文過則奢，不足為儉，可見，儀式的規(guī)模在于得當(dāng)，避免奢侈浪費(fèi)。禮貌待人，是任何一個(gè)文明社會(huì)，任何一個(gè)文明民族都十分重視的。因?yàn)槎Y貌是人類社會(huì)構(gòu)建起與他人和睦相處的橋梁，它標(biāo)志這一個(gè)社會(huì)的文明程序，是中華民族文化的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)。容儀有整，是其修養(yǎng)、文明程度的表現(xiàn)。古人認(rèn)為，容儀有整不僅是能夠保持個(gè)人的尊嚴(yán)，還有助于進(jìn)德修業(yè)。它反映出一個(gè)人的修養(yǎng)和生活態(tài)度。
2.禮儀的第二大類是社交禮儀。社交禮儀，顧名思義，就是指現(xiàn)代人際交往中流行的各種禮儀，如服務(wù)禮儀，商務(wù)禮儀，學(xué)校禮儀，職場(chǎng)工作禮儀等，它概括了在現(xiàn)代社交場(chǎng)合中各種禮儀行為。社交禮儀是指人們?cè)谌穗H交往過程中所具備的基本素質(zhì)，交際能力等。社交在當(dāng)今社會(huì)人際交往中發(fā)揮的作用愈顯重要。通過社交，人們可以溝通心靈，建立深厚友誼，取得支持與幫助；通過社交，人們可以互通信息，共享資源，對(duì)取得事業(yè)成功大有獲益。社交禮儀是指在人際交往和國(guó)際交往活動(dòng)中，用于表示尊重、親善和友好的首選行為規(guī)范和慣用形式。這一定義包含了以下幾層意思：第一，社交禮儀是一種道德行為規(guī)范。規(guī)范就是規(guī)矩、章法、條條框框，也就是說社交禮儀是對(duì)人的行為進(jìn)行約束的條條框框，告訴你要怎么做，不要怎么做。如你到老師辦公室辦事，進(jìn)門前要先敲門，若不敲門就直接闖進(jìn)去是失禮的。社交禮儀比起法律、紀(jì)律，其約束力要弱得多，違反社交禮儀規(guī)范，只能讓別人產(chǎn)生厭惡[2]，別人不能對(duì)你進(jìn)行制裁，為此，社交禮儀的約束要靠道德修養(yǎng)的自律。 第二，社交禮儀的直接目的是表示對(duì)他人的尊重。尊重是社交禮儀的本質(zhì)。人都有被尊重的高級(jí)精神需要，當(dāng)在社會(huì)交往活動(dòng)過程中，按照社交禮儀的要求去做，就會(huì)使人獲得尊重的滿足，從而獲得愉悅，由此達(dá)到人與人之間關(guān)系的和諧。 第三，社交禮儀的根本目的是為了維護(hù)社會(huì)正常的生活秩序。沒有它，社會(huì)正常的生活秩序就會(huì)遭到破壞，在這方面，它和法律、紀(jì)律共同起作用，也正是因?yàn)檫@一目的，無(wú)論是資本主義社會(huì)還是社會(huì)主義社會(huì)都非常重視社交禮儀規(guī)范建設(shè)。 第四，社交禮儀要求在人際交往、社會(huì)交往活動(dòng)中遵守。這是它的范圍，超出這個(gè)范圍，社交禮儀規(guī)范就不一定適用了
二、禮儀對(duì)未來(lái)職業(yè)生涯的影響分析
商務(wù)禮儀能展示企業(yè)的文明程度、管理風(fēng)格和道德水準(zhǔn)，塑造企業(yè)形象。良好的企業(yè)形象是企業(yè)的無(wú)形資產(chǎn)，無(wú)疑可以為企業(yè)帶來(lái)直接的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。一個(gè)人講究禮儀，就會(huì)在眾人面前樹立良好的個(gè)人形象；一個(gè)組織的成員講究禮儀，就會(huì)為自己的組織樹立良好的形象，贏得公眾的贊譽(yù)�，F(xiàn)代市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)除了產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)外，更體現(xiàn)在形象競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。一個(gè)良好信譽(yù)和形象的公司或企業(yè)，就容易獲得社會(huì)各方的信任和支持，就可在激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中處于不敗之地。
英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告11
系別:外語(yǔ)系 專業(yè):英 語(yǔ) 所選題目名稱:
English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function
一、課題研究現(xiàn)狀:
English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary、The general tendencies of present-day English are towards more idiomatic usages、Halliday and Hason (1976) pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms (ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function)、Another scholar, Fernando C、(1996), also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text, and in the creation of stylistic effects.
Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin (1994, 1996), Zhu Yongsheng (1995, 1996, 1997) and Zhang Delu (1994) mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.
二、課題研究目的:
This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them、It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discussion, attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically, thus more effectively.
三、課題研究?jī)?nèi)容:
As English idioms are much alive in everyday English, a close look at the function of idioms must be taken、This dissertation includes the following five aspects: 1、Introduction
2、A General Study of English Idioms 2.1 The Definition of English Idioms 2.2 Features of English Idioms
3、Cohesive Function of English Idioms 3.1 Cohesion
3.2 Functional Categories
3.3 Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms 3.4 Cohesive Function of Other Idioms
4、The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics 4.1 Syntactic Cohesion 4.2 Pragmatic Function 5、Conclusion
四、課題研究計(jì)劃:
January 22-March 10: question posing of the research and collection of materials March 11-March 25: analysis of the materials and writing of an outline
March 26-April 30: completion of the first draft and seeking supervisor’s advice May 1?June 10: refinement of the paper according to teacher’s suggestion
June 11?June 22: finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence
五、主要參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] Fernando, C、Idioms and Idiomaticity、Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 20xx
[2] Halliday, M.A.K、and R、Hason、Cohesion in English、Longman Press, 1985
[3] Lakoff, G、and M、Johnson、Metaphors We Live By、University of Chicago Press, 1980
[4] Makkai, A、Idiom Structure in English、The Hague Press,1972
[5] 林承璋、英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)引論[M]、武漢大學(xué)出版社，1987
[6] 陸國(guó)強(qiáng)、現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)[M]、上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社, 1999
[7] 汪榕培, 盧曉娟、英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)教程[M]、上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社, 1999
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