船舶與海洋工程英語閱讀：船舶設(shè)計師

　　The Naval Architect 船舶設(shè)計師

　　A naval architect asked to design a ship may receive his instructions in a form ranging from such simple requirements as “an oil tanker to carry 100 000 tons deadweight at 15 knots” to a fully detailed specification of precisely planned requirements. He is usually required to prepare a design for a vessel that must carry a certain weight of cargo (or number of passengers ) at a specified speed with particular reference to trade requirement; high-density cargoes, such as machinery, require little hold capacity, while the reverse is true for low-density cargoes, such as grain.

　　Deadweight is defined as weight of cargo plus fuel and consumable stores, and lightweight as the weight of the hull, including machinery and equipment. The designer must choose dimensions such that the displacement of the vessel is equal to the sum of the dead weight and the lightweight tonnages. The fineness of the hull must be appropriate to the speed. The draft------which is governed by freeboard rules------enables the depth to be determined to a first approximation.

　　After selecting tentative values of length, breadth, depth, draft, and displacement, the designer must achieve a weight balance. He must also select a moment balance because centres of gravity in both longitudinal and vertical directions must provide satisfactory trim and stability. Additionally, he must estimate the shaft horsepower required for the specified speed; this determines the weight of machinery. The strength of the hull must be adequate for the service intended, detailed scantlings (frame dimensions and plate thicknesses ) can be obtained from the rules of the classification society. These scantings determine the requisite weight of hull steel.

　　The vessel should possess satisfactory steering characteristics, freedom from troublesome vibration, and should comply with the many varied requirements of international regulations. Possessing an attractive appearance, the ship should have the minimum net register tonnage, the factor on which harbour and other dues are based. (The gross tonnage represents the volume of all closed-in spaces above the inner bottom. The net tonnage is the gross tonnage minus certain deductible spaces that do not produce revenue. Net tonnage can therefore be regarded as a measure of the earning capacity of the ship, hence its use as a basis for harbour and docking charges. ) Passenger vessels must satisfy a standard of bulkhead subdivision that will ensure adequate stability under specified conditions if the hull is pierced accidentally or through collision.

　　Compromise plays a considerable part in producing a satisfactory design. A naval architect must be a master of approximations. If the required design closely resembles that of a ship already built for which full information is available, the designer can calculate the effects of differences between this ship and the projected ship. If, however, this information is not available, he must first produce coefficients based upon experience and, after refining them, check the results by calculation.

　　Training

　　There are four major requirements for a good naval architect. The first is a clear understanding of the fundamental principles of applied science, particularly those aspects of science that have direct application to ships------mathematics, physics, mechanics, fluid mechanics, materials, structural strength, stability, resistance, and propulsion. The second is a detailed knowledge of past and present practice in shipbuilding. The third is personal experience of accepted methods in the design, construction, and operation of ships; and the fourth, and perhaps most important, is an aptitude for tackling new technical problems and of devising practical solutions.

　　The professional training of naval architects differs widely in the various maritime countries. Unimany universities and polytechnic schools; such academic training must be supplemented by practical experience in a shipyard.

　　Trends in design

　　The introduction of calculating machines and computers has facilitated the complex calculations required in naval architecture and has also introduced new concepts in design. There are many combinations of length, breadth, and draft that will give a required displacement. Electronic computers make it possible to prepare series of designs for a vessel to operate in a particular service and to assess the economic returns to the shipowner for each separate design. Such a procedure is best carried out as a joint exercise by owner and builder. As ships increase in size and cost, such combined technical and economic studies can be expected to become more common.

　　(From “Encyclopedia Britannica”, Vol. 16, 1980)

　　Technical terms 術(shù)語

　　naval architect 造船工程(設(shè)計)師

　　naval architecture造船(工程)學(xué)

　　instruction 任務(wù)書、指導(dǎo)書

　　oil tanker 油輪

　　deadweight 載重量

　　knot 節(jié)

　　specification 規(guī)格書，設(shè)計任務(wù)書

　　vessel 船舶

　　cargo 貨物

　　passenger 旅客

　　trade 貿(mào)易

　　machinery 機械、機器

　　hold capacity 艙容

　　consumable store 消耗物品

　　light weight 輕載重量、空船重量

　　hull 船體

　　dimension 尺度、量綱、維(數(shù))

　　displacement 排水量、位移、置換

　　tonnage 噸位

　　fineness 纖瘦度

　　draft 吃水

　　breadth 船寬

　　freeboard 干舷

　　rule 規(guī)范

　　tentative 試用(暫行)的

　　longitudinal direction 縱向

　　vertical direction 垂向

　　trim 縱傾

　　stability 穩(wěn)性

　　shaft horse power 軸馬力

　　strength 強度

　　service 航區(qū)、服務(wù)

　　scantling 結(jié)構(gòu)(件)尺寸

　　frame 肋骨

　　classification society 船級社

　　steering 操舵、駕駛

　　vibration 振動

　　net register tonnage 凈登記噸位

　　harbour 港口

　　dues 稅收

　　gross tonnage 總噸位

　　deductible space 扣除空間

　　revenue 收入

　　docking 進塢

　　charge 費用、電荷

　　bulkhead 艙壁

　　subdivision分艙(隔)、細分

　　collision 碰撞

　　compromise 折衷、調(diào)和

　　coefficient 系數(shù)

　　training 培訓(xùn)

　　fluid mechanics 流體力學(xué)

　　structural strength 結(jié)構(gòu)強度

　　resistance 阻力

　　propulsion 推進

　　shipbuilding 造船

　　aptitude (特殊)才能，適應(yīng)性

　　maritime 航運，海運

　　polytechnical school 工藝(科技)學(xué)校

　　academic 學(xué)術(shù)的

　　shipyard 造船廠

　　electronic computer 電子計算機

　　owner 船主，物主

　　encyclop(a)edia 百科全書

　　Additional Terms and Expressions 增補術(shù)語表達

　　the Chinese Society of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering (CSNAME) 中國造船工程學(xué)會

　　the Chinese Society of Navigation中國航海學(xué)會

　　“Shipbuilding of China” 中國造船

　　Ship Engineering 船舶工程

　　China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC) 中國船舶工業(yè)總公司

　　China offshore Platform Engineering Corporation (COPECO) 中國海洋石油平臺工程公司

　　Royal Institution of Naval Architects (RINA) 英國皇家造船工程師學(xué)會

　　Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) 美國造船師與輪機工程師協(xié)會

　　Principle of naval architecture 造船原理

　　ship statics (or statics of naval architecture) 造船靜力學(xué)

　　ship dynamics 船舶動力學(xué)

　　ship resistance and propulsion 船舶阻力和推進

　　ship rolling and pitching 船舶搖擺

　　ship manoeuvrability 船舶操縱性

　　ship construction 船舶結(jié)構(gòu)

　　ship structural mechanics 船舶結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)

　　ship strength and structural design 船舶強度和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計

　　ship design 船舶設(shè)計

　　shipbuilding technology 造船工藝

　　marine (or ocean) engineering 海洋工程

　　Notes to the Text 課文注釋

　　1.

　　range from A to B 的意思為“從A到B的范圍內(nèi)”，翻譯時，根據(jù)這個基本意思可以按漢語習(xí)慣譯成中文。例：

　　Lathe sizes range from very little lathes with the length of the bed in several inches to very large ones turning a work many feet in length.

　　車床有大有小，小的車床其車身只有幾英寸，大的車床能車削數(shù)英尺長的工件。

　　2.

　　Such that 可以認為是such a kind/value 等的縮寫，意思為“這樣的類別/值等……以至于……”。譯成中文是，可根據(jù)具體情況加以意譯。例：

　　The depth of the chain locker is such that the cable is easily stowed.

　　錨鏈艙的深度應(yīng)該使錨鏈容易存儲。

　　3.

　　Possessing an attractive appearance, the ship should have the minimum net register tonnage,the factor on which harbour and oyher dues are based.

　　Possessing an attractive appearance現(xiàn)在分詞短語，用作表示條件的狀語，意譯成“船舶除有一個漂亮的外形……”。一般說，如分詞短語謂語句首，通常表示時間、條件、原因等。

　　The factor on which…are based中的the factor是前面the minimum net register tonnage的銅謂語，而on which…are based是定語從句，修飾the factor。

　　4.

　　Electroniccomputers make it possible to prepare series id designs for a vessel to operate in a particular service and to assess the economic returns to the shipowner for each separate design.

　　句中的it是形式賓語，實際賓語為不定式短語 to prepare series of designs …和to assess the economic returns …

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