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高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法動(dòng)詞講解

時(shí)間:2022-10-30 08:29:30 考試英語(yǔ) 我要投稿
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高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法動(dòng)詞講解

  以下是小編為大家準(zhǔn)備的高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法動(dòng)詞講解,歡迎閱讀。

高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法動(dòng)詞講解

  動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)

  【考點(diǎn)分析】

  1.對(duì)下列十種時(shí)態(tài)的考查:

  一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 一般將來(lái)時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 將來(lái)完成時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

  2.既考查時(shí)態(tài)又考查語(yǔ)態(tài);

  3.考查動(dòng)詞的及物與不及物;

  4.考查主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義;

  5.考查動(dòng)詞詞組在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的介詞問(wèn)題;

  6.對(duì)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)習(xí)慣句型的考查。

  【知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納】

  I.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式

  主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成

  一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)

  do/does,( is/am/are )did,(was/were)

  現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

  is/am/are doingwas/were doing

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)

  has/have donehad done

  現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

  has/have been doinghad been doing

  一般將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

  will/shall do

  is/am/are going to do

  is/am/are(about)to dowould/should do

  was/were going to do

  was/were(about)to do

  被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成

  一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)

  is/am/are donewas/were done

  現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

  is/am/are being donewas/were being done

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)

  has/have been donehad been done

  一般將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

  will/shall be done

  is/am/are going to be done

  is/am/are(about)to be donewould/should be done

  was/were going to be done

  was/were(about)to be done

  II.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的用法

  1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

  ①一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作、客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)、格言,目前的特征、狀態(tài)、能力等;

 、谥骶涫且话銓(lái)時(shí),時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái);

  I’ll go there after I finish my work.

  If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there.

 、墼谝詇ere,there開(kāi)頭的句子里,go,come等少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的一般在時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;

  There goes the bell.鈴響了。There comes the bus.汽車(chē)來(lái)了。Here she comes.她來(lái)了。

  注意:近幾年,對(duì)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的考查常用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)考生進(jìn)行干擾

  Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which_____ the Pacific,and we met no storm.

  A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called

  雖然航海發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但是,海洋的名稱不會(huì)因此而變化,所以要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

  2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

 、俦硎菊谶M(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;

  ②表示按計(jì)劃安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

  She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。

  He is working as a teacher tomorrow.從明天起他要做老師。

  My father is coming to see me this Saturday.這個(gè)星期六我爸爸要來(lái)看我。

  ③代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),描繪更加生動(dòng)。

  The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滾滾向東流。

  The sun is rising in the east.太陽(yáng)從東方冉冉升起。

 、芘calways, forever, constantly, continually連用,表示贊賞或厭惡等感情色彩,但并非強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行;

  He is always helping others.他總是肯幫助他人。

  She is always forgetting something.她老是忘記某些事情。

 、荽蠖鄶(shù)動(dòng)詞可用于進(jìn)行時(shí),但也有些動(dòng)詞不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。

  常見(jiàn)的有:

  ▲感覺(jué)類(lèi):look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear

  ▲情感類(lèi):like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear

  ▲心態(tài)類(lèi):wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, think, understand, agree, knowt

  ▲所有類(lèi):have, contain, won, hold, belong to等。

  3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

  ①表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果,或說(shuō)話時(shí)已完成的動(dòng)作;

  I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room.

 、诒硎緩倪^(guò)去開(kāi)始,待續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),往往和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用;

  He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college.

 、郾硎“曾經(jīng)到過(guò)某地(人已回來(lái))”用“have/has been to”;

  表示“到某地去了(還未回來(lái))”用“have/has gone to”。

  —Where is Li Hua? -He has gone to the reading-room.

  —She knows a lot about Shanghai. -She has been there.

  ④在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,條件狀語(yǔ)從句或讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中表達(dá)將來(lái)某時(shí)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。

  When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge.

  We’ll start at six if it has stopped raining by then.

  注意:這里的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)從句動(dòng)作在主句動(dòng)作之前完成, 如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生, 則不必用完成時(shí);試比較:

  I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her.

  She will call you when she gets home.

  ⑤短暫動(dòng)詞(即瞬間動(dòng)詞),join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,

  break out等,在完成時(shí)態(tài)中,其肯定式不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。

  要譯“他參軍已經(jīng)三年了”不能說(shuō):He has joined the army three years.可采用:

  ▲“ago法”:He joined the army three years ago.

  ▲“延續(xù)法”:He has been in the army for three years.

  ▲“since法”:It is/has been three years since he joined the army.

  注意:沒(méi)有包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)或不是截至“現(xiàn)在”為止的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不能與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用, 但“in(over) the

  past/last+時(shí)間段”要與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。

  4.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

 、儆脕(lái)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(或今后還要繼續(xù)一去)的動(dòng)作;

  He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.

 、诜彩遣荒苡糜诂F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞均不能用于現(xiàn)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

  5.一般過(guò)去時(shí)

  ①表達(dá)特定的過(guò)去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況,或過(guò)去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或?yàn)?

  He often sang when he was a boy.

  He went to the cinema last night with her boy friend.

  ②用于I didn’t know…或I forgot…,表示事先不知道或不記得,但現(xiàn)在已知道或記得的事情。

  用于I didn’t know…或I forgot…,表示事先不知道或不記得,但現(xiàn)在已知道或記得的事情。

  I didn’t know you were here.(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)知道)

  Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.(“忘記帶書(shū)”已成為過(guò)去的事了)

  這一用法考生要特別注意。

  注意:參看過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的用法②。

  6.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

 、俦硎具^(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(這一過(guò)去時(shí)間須用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示);

  He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.

 、诒硎緞(dòng)作在另一過(guò)去動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)進(jìn)行;

  They were still working when I left.

 、塾迷趦蓚(gè)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生;

  I was writing while he was watching TV.

  ④過(guò)去計(jì)劃、安排好的將來(lái)動(dòng)作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等);

  He said she was arriving the next day.

 、菖calways, forever, constantly, continually連用,表示贊賞或厭惡等感情色彩。

  (參看現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法④)

  Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others never thinking of himself.

  ⑥過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可用來(lái)描繪故事發(fā)行的背景。

  The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.

  7.過(guò)去完成時(shí)

  ①表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。

  He had shut the door before the dog came up.

  Everything had been all right up till this morning.

 、诒硎緞(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)刻才完成,甚至還要繼續(xù)下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.

  ③過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的意圖、打算或希望(只限于think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose,wish, want等動(dòng)詞)。

  I had wanted to pay a visit to you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.

  我本來(lái)想昨天拜訪你的,但是下雨(讓我不能來(lái))。

  注意:

  ▲過(guò)去完成時(shí)必須以過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻為基點(diǎn),即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。因此只有在和過(guò)去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才用到它;

  ▲before, after本身表示時(shí)間的“前”“后”明顯,因此可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

  He (had) left before I arrived.

  8.一般將來(lái)時(shí)

  一般將來(lái)時(shí)有下列一些構(gòu)成形式需要記住:

  ▲will/shall do (側(cè)重將來(lái)行為,不突出計(jì)劃安排去做某事)

  ▲be going to do (主觀上打算或客觀上可能發(fā)生)

  ▲be doing (按計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生,常和表示最近的將來(lái)時(shí)間連用)

  ▲be about to do (按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生)

  一般將來(lái)時(shí)的用法:

 、佻F(xiàn)在看來(lái)以后要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)

  Tom will come next week.

  He will be here tomorrow.

  ②事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢(shì)

  Oil will float in water.

  Fish will die without water.

 、蹖(duì)將來(lái)某個(gè)動(dòng)作的安排、計(jì)劃

  He is going to speak on TV this evening.

  9.將來(lái)完成時(shí)

  用來(lái)表示在將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻(前)將完成的動(dòng)作。常和by短語(yǔ),when,before引起的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

  We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.

  10.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

 、龠^(guò)去某一時(shí)刻后將要發(fā)生的過(guò)去動(dòng)作或過(guò)去的意圖打算(主要用于賓語(yǔ)從句中);

  She was sure she would succeed.

  I thought you would come.

  把一般將來(lái)時(shí)中的助動(dòng)詞變成過(guò)去式,便成了過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的表達(dá)形式。

 、诒硎具^(guò)去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

  When he was young, he would go swimming.

  注意:would與used to的區(qū)別:would只表示過(guò)去,不涉及現(xiàn)在,而used to表示“過(guò)去常常”要與現(xiàn)在比較,即現(xiàn)在不是這樣了。

  11.要求一定時(shí)態(tài)的固定的句型

 、賥as/were doing sth. when…did sth.(正在做某事,這時(shí)突然……)

  I was reading a book when the bell rang.

 、趙as/were about to do sth. when…did sth. (正要做某事,這時(shí)突然……)

  We were about to leave when the telephone rang.

  ③It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…

  It’s the first time I’ve seen her.

  We have been there three times.

  如果句中有比較確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),則服從時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的要求。

  Last year I saw him many times.

 、躀t is/has been… since…

  It is (has been) two weeks since I came here.

  She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.

 、軭ardly… when…No sooner… than…

  Hardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain.

  I had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed.

 、轎t(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…

  This is the first time I have been here.

  It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.

  III.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法

  被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者,也就是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象,一般說(shuō)來(lái)只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。其構(gòu)成為"be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞"。助動(dòng)詞be有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化,其變化規(guī)則與be作為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)完全一樣。含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的謂語(yǔ)變化為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),由"情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can, may must, have to等)+be +動(dòng)詞的-ed形式。含有"be going to , be to, used to, be about to"等結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),其構(gòu)成為"be going to (be to, used to, be about to)+ be +動(dòng)詞的-ed形式"構(gòu)成。

  1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的適用范圍

 、佼(dāng)我們不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,或者沒(méi)有必要指出誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。這時(shí)不用by短語(yǔ)。

  This jacket is made of cotton. 這件上衣是棉料的。

 、跒榱藦(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)

  Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 要求參觀者不可觸摸展品。

  ③出于策略、委婉、禮貌等不提出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者

  You are said to be active recently. 據(jù)說(shuō)你最近很活躍。

  常用于如下句型:

  It's not known that… ……不得而知 It's said that… 據(jù)說(shuō)……

  It's reported that… 據(jù)報(bào)道…… It's not decided that…尚未決定

  It's believed that… 據(jù)認(rèn)為…… It's announced that…據(jù)宣布……

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