職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)考試閱讀綜合輔導(dǎo)
（一）第一句型：主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ)
1） 系動(dòng)詞一般為be 動(dòng)詞。
注意：look, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, become, come, go, turn, grow, keep, seem, stand等詞可以作"半系動(dòng)詞"用，按行為動(dòng)詞方式變化，起系動(dòng)詞的作用。
試驗(yàn)比較：
—— He felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.（他摸遍了口袋但沒(méi)有找到一分錢(qián)�！� feel為行為動(dòng)詞）
—— You look pale. Do you feel unwell? （你臉色蒼白，感到不舒服？—— look / feel為系動(dòng)詞）
一般來(lái)說(shuō)，動(dòng)詞后面跟的是個(gè)形容詞或名詞，該動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞， 如：The plan sounds perfect. / The flower smells nice. / The dish tastes delicious. / It is getting dark.
實(shí)例：
"Don't worry. Let me take your pulse first." "Oh, it ______ normal." （脈搏正常）
A. is felt
B. is feeling
C. feels
D. felt
解題思路：normal為形容詞，前面應(yīng)為系動(dòng)詞；系動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，故A不對(duì)； look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem等半系動(dòng)詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)，B也不對(duì)；D時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)了，故正確答案為C.
2）there be是英語(yǔ)中非常重要的一個(gè)句型： there是引導(dǎo)詞，不解釋 "那里"; 這是個(gè)倒裝句, 主語(yǔ)在be動(dòng)詞的后面, be動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由后面的主語(yǔ)決定。
注意中國(guó)學(xué)生容易搞錯(cuò)的問(wèn)題：
There isn't enough furniture in the room.（房間里家具不夠）
錯(cuò)：There hasn't enough furniture in the room.
There is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.（毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，中國(guó)已消滅天花。）
錯(cuò)：It is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.
There is ample evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. （充分證據(jù)表明，愛(ài)滋病正在亞洲迅速蔓延�！� 同位語(yǔ)從句）
錯(cuò)：It is evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. （可以： It is evident that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. - 主語(yǔ)從句）
（二）第二句型：主語(yǔ) + 不及物動(dòng)詞 （+ 其他成分）
在這個(gè)句型中主要注意及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞的區(qū)分：
不及物動(dòng)詞 及物動(dòng)詞
rise /rose / risen（升起） raise /raised / raised （提高）
arise / arose / arisen （from）（產(chǎn)生） arouse / aroused / aroused（喚起）
lie / lay / lain（躺下） lay / laid / laid（放下）
arrive at（到達(dá)） reach（到達(dá)）
wait for（等待） await（等待）
remain（仍舊） maintain（保持，維修）
*上面所注僅為典型詞義，要根據(jù)句子判別其他意思。
此外，該句型常采用倒裝形式，注意辨別，主要是以下兩種情況：
1） 用here 或 there引導(dǎo)：Here comes the bus. （汽車(chē)來(lái)了。） / There rings the bell. （鈴響了。）
2） 在動(dòng)詞 + 介詞短語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)中，往往將介詞短語(yǔ)提前：On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house.（山頂上有一座漂亮的小房子。）
（三）第三句型：主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ)
我們知道，名詞可以做主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 -ing和 to do也可以做主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，
作主語(yǔ)：
Learning a foreign language is not easy.（學(xué)門(mén)外語(yǔ)并不容易。）
To learn a foreign language is not easy. （= It is not easy to learn a foreign language.）
從語(yǔ)法角度講，上述兩個(gè)表達(dá)方式都可以。
但是，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞處于賓語(yǔ)位置時(shí)，就不能這樣"隨心所欲"了，因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)語(yǔ)法有以下幾個(gè)規(guī)定：
1）acknowledge / admit / appreciate / avoid / consider / contemplate / defer / deny / dislike / enjoy / escape / evade / excuse / facilitate / fancy / favor / feel like / finish / give up / cannot help / cannot stand / imagine / include / keep （on） / do not mind / miss / permit / practice / regret / resent / risk / suggest 等詞后面的動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)必須用-ing 形式，重點(diǎn)和首先要掌握黑體字部分。由于這些次的詞義與解題關(guān)系不大，沒(méi)有給出具體詞義解釋。若需要，請(qǐng)學(xué)生自己查字典解決。
這是語(yǔ)法考試的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)，要對(duì)以上詞特別敏感，例如：
It is impossible to avoid ______ by the stormy weather.
A. being much affected
B. having much affected
C. to be much affected
D. to have been much affected
解題思路：1）一看到avoid一詞，便可確定正確答案在A、B中； 2）affect意為"影響"，及物動(dòng)詞，故B不對(duì)。[如果做題時(shí)間來(lái)不及，此類(lèi)題目若有"主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)"和"被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)"之分，一般選"被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)"的正確率高些。]
2） remember / forget：后面既可跟 -ing, 也可跟 to do，但意思不一樣：to do表示說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)還沒(méi)有發(fā)生的事，-ing表示對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)事的回憶，如："我昨天出門(mén)時(shí)忘了關(guān)窗了。"顯然是指出門(mén)時(shí)還沒(méi)有做的事，因此用to do形式；"我不記得以前見(jiàn)過(guò)你。"顯然是指說(shuō)話(huà)以前的事，因此用 -ing形式，即：
I forgot to close the windows when I left home yesterday.
I don't remember seeing you before.
因此，除了知道這個(gè)規(guī)定外，分清"發(fā)生過(guò)"還是"沒(méi)有發(fā)生"是解題的關(guān)鍵。
實(shí)例：
Do you remember ______ to Professor Smith during your last visit?
A. to have been introduced
B. having introduced
C. being introduced
D. to be introduced
解題思路：1）第一步要確定"發(fā)生過(guò)"還是"沒(méi)有發(fā)生"，即A、D還是B、C，"你記得上次訪問(wèn)時(shí)被介紹給Smith教授的情況嗎？"顯然是已發(fā)生的事，選B、C；2）"introduce"（介紹）后沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明是"被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：，故選C [再看一下上一節(jié)中的 "解題思路"]
3）need / want / require等解釋為"需要"時(shí)，有兩種表達(dá)方式，如：
"這間會(huì)客室需要打掃一下"
A．This waiting room needs to be cleaned. （to 被動(dòng)式）
B．This waiting room needs cleaning.（-ing主動(dòng)式）
考試時(shí)若同時(shí)出現(xiàn)兩種選擇，選B
4）look forward to / object to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / oppose to中的 "to" 是介詞，后面應(yīng)跟名詞或動(dòng)名詞-ing
閱讀理解篇
Eat Healthy
"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate -club!" Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，it's accompanied by an appeal:" Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.
According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.
Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.
Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.
It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents.
詞匯：
orphan n.孤兒
belly n.肚子
nutrition n.營(yíng)養(yǎng)
waistline n.腰圍
paycheck n.薪金支票
注釋:
1. Be a member of the clean - plate club! 做清盤(pán)俱樂(lè)部的成員
2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! 只要想想在非洲挨餓的孤兒們!
3. take too many bites 吃得太多
4. A Waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer，with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. 根據(jù)《今日美國(guó)》刊登的一個(gè)故事，服務(wù)員給每個(gè)顧客一盤(pán)飯菜，其量是政府推薦的2至4倍。
5. It's just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like a
good deal. 事情是這樣的，美國(guó)工人覺(jué)得做許多個(gè)小時(shí)低收入的工作下來(lái)，盤(pán)子里的飯菜量小有點(diǎn)不合算。
練習(xí)：
1. Parents in the United States tend to ask their children
A to save food.
B to wash the dishes.
C not to waste food.
D not to eat too much
2. Why do American restaurants serve large portions?
A Because Americans associate quantity with value.
B Because Americans have big bellies.
C Because Americans are good eaters.
D Because Americans are greedy.
3. What happened in the 1970s?
A The US government recommended the amount of food a restaurant gave to a customer.
B Health experts persuaded restaurants to serve smaller portions.
C The United States produced more grain than needed.
D The American waistline started to expand.
4. What does the survey indicate?
A Many poor Americans want large portions.
B Twenty percent Americans want smaller portions.
C Fifty seven percent Americans earn $150 ,000 per year.
D Twenty three percent Americans earn less than $25,000 per year.
5. Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans?
A They work long hours.
B They live from paycheck to paycheck.
C They don't want to be healthy eaters.
D They want to save money for their children
答案與題解：
1. C 本題問(wèn)的是:美國(guó)父母總是叫他們的'孩子干什么?文章開(kāi)頭說(shuō)到，每個(gè)美國(guó)孩子都能從父母或爺爺奶奶那里聽(tīng)到這樣的話(huà)，"吃光你盤(pán)子里的東西"，"做清盤(pán)俱樂(lè)部的成員"。這些話(huà)表達(dá)的意思就是不要浪費(fèi)糧食。因此 C 是正確的答案。
2. A 本題問(wèn)的是:美國(guó)飯館為什么飯菜給得多？第二段相關(guān)的話(huà)是這么說(shuō)的：美國(guó)人在傳統(tǒng)上把東西值不值是跟數(shù)量聯(lián)系在一起，因此大多數(shù)的飯館給的量大。這些飯館樂(lè)于讓顧客們抱怨飯菜給得太多而不樂(lè)于讓他們抱怨飯菜給得太少。所以 A 是正確的答案。
3. D 本題問(wèn)的是：20 世紀(jì) 70 年代發(fā)生了什么？文章第三段是這樣說(shuō)的：一位賓州大學(xué)營(yíng)養(yǎng)教授，Barbara Rolls ，告訴《今日美國(guó)》20 世紀(jì) 70 年代飯館給的飯菜的量開(kāi)始增加，與此同時(shí)，美國(guó)人的腰圍也開(kāi)始增大。所以 D 是對(duì)的。
4. A 本題問(wèn)的是：調(diào)查報(bào)告說(shuō)明了什么？選項(xiàng) B、C和 D 所說(shuō)的數(shù)字不對(duì)。因此唯有 A 是正確的。A說(shuō)的是：許多美國(guó)窮人希望量大。這個(gè)信息可以在第四段中找到。相關(guān)的句子是這么說(shuō)的：許多吃不起精美正餐的美國(guó)人仍然要量大。
5. C 本題問(wèn)的是:下面的哪種說(shuō)法不帶合美國(guó)工人的實(shí)際情況？ C 說(shuō)的是：他們不想做吃得健康的人。這個(gè)說(shuō)法是不對(duì)的。最后一段的第一句話(huà)是這么說(shuō)的：美國(guó)工人不是不想做吃得健康的人。因此 C 正確。
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