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2014年職稱英語(yǔ)考試常用語(yǔ)法:詞類、名詞的數(shù)與格
下面詳解有關(guān)于詞類、名詞的數(shù)與格
第一講 詞類、名詞的數(shù)與格
一、詞類:
英語(yǔ)中主要有:名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞、連接詞、冠詞等。對(duì)于初學(xué)者,必須搞清。
1、名詞(包括代詞和數(shù)詞):在句子中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和另一名詞的形容詞。
2、動(dòng)詞:見第二講
3、形容詞:可在句子中作表語(yǔ)、名詞的定語(yǔ)
注意: 以下-ly結(jié)尾的詞不是副詞,是形容詞: friendly (友好的) lovely(可愛的) deadly(致命的) costly(昂貴的) likely(可能的) lonely(孤獨(dú)的) alone (單獨(dú)的) lively(活潑的) ugly(丑陋的) kindly(和藹的) manly(男子氣的)等
4、副詞:主要用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞本身。
注意:除了in, up, down, on, inside, outside. 等只有一些表示方向和位置的副詞外,副詞不能作表語(yǔ)。
例如:Please help me water these flowers when I am out. (我不在時(shí)請(qǐng)幫我澆澆花。)
5、介詞:又稱前置詞,即放在名詞前面的"小詞".
注意:
1)介詞后面一定是個(gè)名詞(除習(xí)慣外),例如不能說(shuō):because of ill,而應(yīng)該為:because of illness;
2)介詞后面不能跟that從句,即只能跟名詞或帶-wh開頭的從句,這是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的一條重要規(guī)則,如不能說(shuō):He did not come to the party because of he was ill. 但可以是:She got angry because of what he said. (她因他的話而生氣了。)
6、連接詞:用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上詞或句子的詞。
注意:英語(yǔ)中一般不能同時(shí)使用兩個(gè)連接詞,如不能說(shuō):Although he is very rich, but he is not happy. (只要將although 或but去掉一個(gè)即可)
關(guān)于連接詞的使用,詳見"第三講:句子的連接"一節(jié)。
7、冠詞:用來(lái)限定名詞的詞,分不定冠詞a (an) 和定冠詞 the, 英語(yǔ)中的冠詞使用十分復(fù)雜,簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō):
1) 不可數(shù)名詞前不能用a (an)
2) 第一次提到的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞用a (n)
3) 能用what, who, which回答的名詞用the,即3W原則
the teacher and the student / the patient and the doctor結(jié)構(gòu)中的the可以表示泛指
詞性不是一成不變的,是由其在句子中的位子和功能決定的。
如:She has gone home. (home為副詞)
Is she at home? (home 為名詞)
She looked at me patiently. (look為行為動(dòng)詞) She looked pale. (look為連系動(dòng)詞)
二、名詞的數(shù):
重點(diǎn)應(yīng)了解和掌握以下內(nèi)容:
1、名詞的可數(shù)和不可數(shù):
與漢語(yǔ)不同,英語(yǔ)中名詞要區(qū)分可數(shù)與不可數(shù)。
籠統(tǒng)地講,物質(zhì)名詞,如:water(水), iron(鐵), wood(木頭)等, 和抽象名詞,如:democracy(民主), freedom(自由), happiness(幸福)等為不可數(shù)。
不可數(shù)名詞前不能加a (an),后面不能加s (es),這是考試中對(duì)此類題目判斷的重要依據(jù)。
2、以下名詞為不可數(shù)名詞:
news(消息) information(信息)
furniture (家具) equipment(設(shè)備)
advice (勸告) weather(天氣)
work*(工作) clothing(衣服)
baggage(行李)
work作 "工作" 解釋時(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞,"找工作"不能說(shuō)to find a work, 應(yīng)為to find a job; work作"著作"、"作品"解時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞,如:Deng Xiaopin's works (鄧小平著作)/ a work about Deng Xiaopin (一件關(guān)于鄧小平的作品);作 "工廠" 解釋時(shí),單復(fù)數(shù)同形:a steel works (一個(gè)鋼鐵廠) / two chemical works(兩家化工廠)
實(shí)例:
We have a large staff but there ______ in the office.
A. haven't many furnitures
B. aren't many furnitures
C. hasn't much furniture
D. isn't enough furniture
解題思路:根據(jù)名詞數(shù)的概念A(yù)、B肯定錯(cuò),不必考慮;C、D的主要差異是"hasn't"與 "isn't", 句子中有there,說(shuō)明該句是there be句型,故正確答案為D.題中staff, office 等詞與解題無(wú)關(guān)。
注意辨別句子中斜體詞的數(shù)及其意義:
There is still much room for improvement. (仍有許多改進(jìn)的余地)
He has published two important papers on this subject. (他在這個(gè)課題上已發(fā)表了兩篇重要論文。)
3、以下名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形:
means(手段) headquarters(司令部)
works(工廠) species(物種)
aircraft(飛機(jī)) Chinese(中國(guó)人)
sheep(羊) fish(魚)
中國(guó)的計(jì)量單位:li(里), yuan(元), mu(畝)等
實(shí)例:
Every means has been tried out, but without satisfactory results. (每個(gè)方法都試過了,但結(jié)果不令人滿意。)
4、形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的學(xué)科名稱,如physics , statistics, dynamics 作單數(shù)看待;時(shí)間、距離、鈔票、重量等復(fù)數(shù),可以看作一個(gè)整體作單數(shù)處理,如:Two days is not enough for me to finish the task. (要我完成此項(xiàng)任務(wù)兩天是不夠的。)
5、名詞做另一名詞的修飾語(yǔ):
一般用單數(shù)形式,如:a college student中的college 為單數(shù)形式。
注意:
(1) 以下名詞做另一名詞修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)要用復(fù)數(shù)形式:sport → a sportsman (運(yùn)動(dòng)員)/ sale → a sales department(銷售部) / savings → a savings account (儲(chǔ)蓄存款)/ communication → a communications satellite (通訊衛(wèi)星) / greeting → a greetings cable(慰問電)
(2) 不規(guī)則名詞修飾另一名詞時(shí)數(shù)的變化:a woman doctor (一個(gè)女醫(yī)生) → two women doctors (兩個(gè)女醫(yī)生) / the Chinese women's volleyball team (中國(guó)女排) / a children hospital (兒童醫(yī)院)
6、family(家庭), group(小組), police(警察),committee(委員會(huì)), team(組), box(盒), audience(觀眾)等詞,可以是單數(shù),也可以是復(fù)數(shù),關(guān)鍵要看題目所給的提示,例如:
The whole box of matches _____ wet; I couldn't light a simple one
A. was
B. is
C. were
D. are
解題思路:這道題如果沒有后半句I couldn't light a simple one,是沒辦法解答的。這句話提示了兩點(diǎn):
(1)時(shí)態(tài)為"過去時(shí)",故B、D已不可能了;
(2)"a simple one"說(shuō)明是指盒子內(nèi)的一根根火柴,故答案為C.試想,如果我們把后半句改為 "I had to throw it away", 那么正確答案應(yīng)是A.
所以,看清題目的提示對(duì)于解題是非常重要的。
7、注意以下表達(dá)方式中名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式
to be / make friends with(友好 / 交朋友)
to change places with (交換位置)
to make preparations for(為…作準(zhǔn)備)
to give regards to(向…問好)
to make matters worse(把事情弄糟)
to hurt feelings(傷害感情)
to be all smiles(滿臉堆笑)
to take sides (偏袒某方)
to have words with(吵架)
to burst into tears (突然哭了)
8、量詞的使用:
由于英語(yǔ)中名詞分可數(shù)與不可數(shù),量詞的使用也有區(qū)別:
修飾可數(shù)名詞
(a) few / fewer / fewest
many / more / most
a great (good) many
many a
a number of
the number of
既可修飾可數(shù)名詞 也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞
a lot of / lots of
plenty of (time, money, people)
修飾不可數(shù)名詞
(a) little / less / least
much / more / most
a great (good) deal of
an amount of / amounts of
the amount of
量詞使用中應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題:
1) 分清可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞是前提;
2) 不要把量詞的形式搞混淆了:下面哪個(gè)表達(dá)形式是對(duì)的?
A. A lot students have come back from the summer holiday.
B. A few of the students have come back from the summer holiday.
C. A great many of students have come back from the summer holiday.
D. Many a student has have come back from the summer holiday.
E. The number of students have come back from the summer holiday.
F. A number of students have come back from the summer holiday.
以上六個(gè)表達(dá)方式中只有F 是對(duì)的。為什么?
A. a lot students → a lot of students
B. a few of the students → a few students
C. a great many of students → a great many students
D. Many a student has come back from the summer holiday.
E. The number of 表示數(shù)目,如:The number of the students in our class is 50.
A number of 表示"一些","不少",認(rèn)真對(duì)比一下,看出問題來(lái)了嗎?
問多少錢、多少重量時(shí)用:How much…?問距離時(shí)用:How far is it from…to…?
9、單位詞的使用
(1) 不可數(shù)名詞表示多少,一般用much, (a) little, a lot of, enough 等詞表達(dá),要數(shù)1,2,3,4…時(shí)要用"量詞"表達(dá),最常用的是a piece of (news, advice, furniture, information…)。
(2) 成雙成對(duì)的名詞一般用復(fù)數(shù),如:a pair of trousers (褲子) / scissors(剪刀) / glasses (spectacles)(眼鏡) / pliers(鉗子)
(3) a couple of表示一對(duì),或2-3…,如:a couple of days / people / things
(4) 記住以下量詞表達(dá)方式:
a loaf (two loafs) of bread (一個(gè)(兩個(gè))面包)
a burst of laughter(一陣笑聲)
a fit of anger / chill(一陣發(fā)怒 / 發(fā)冷)
a game of chess (一盤棋)
a lump of sugar (一塊方糖)
10、其他應(yīng)注意的數(shù)的表達(dá)形式
1)a three-year-old boy 比較The boy is three years old
2) five thousand people / several thousand people比較 thousands of people
表達(dá)具體數(shù)字時(shí),thousand不加 "s",后面不加 "of "; ten, million, billion情況以此類推。
3) One-third of the students have passed College English Test Band IV.
Two-thirds of the students have passed College English Test Band IV.
One-third of the population in this area is living below the poverty line.
(這個(gè)地區(qū)有1/3人口生活在貧困線以下。)
注意:幾分之幾的表達(dá)形式;動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由后面的名詞數(shù)決定。
4) a looker-on 比較two lookers-on(旁觀者) / a brother-in-law比較two brothers-in-law(姻親兄弟)
5) my father, together with (along with / with / as well as my mother and brothers) 結(jié)構(gòu)中,主語(yǔ)作單數(shù)處理,即my father
11、不定代詞的數(shù)
英語(yǔ)中要對(duì) "2 "這個(gè)數(shù)特別敏感:
1) 兩個(gè)中一個(gè)、另一個(gè): one , the other; 三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上中另一個(gè):another / any one
2) 兩個(gè)都:both; 兩個(gè)都不:neither; 兩個(gè)中任一個(gè):either
3) 三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上都:all; 都不:none
4) 不知總數(shù):一些:some ;另一些:others(有余數(shù))
5) 知道總數(shù):一些:some ; 另一些 (沒有余數(shù)了):the others
注意以下表達(dá)方式:each other / one another / one after another / one by one / the other day (過去的某一天)/ some day (今后的某一天) / every other day (隔天)/ on alternative days(隔天)/ someone else (別人) / something (anything, nothing) else (別的事)
實(shí)例:
I'm sorry, I'm a stranger, too. You may ask ______ across the street.
A. another one
B. others
C. the other one
D. someone else
解題思路:雖然A、B、C沒有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,但D是習(xí)慣表達(dá)方式。
三、名詞的格
1、人稱代詞
英語(yǔ)中,人稱代詞有主格,賓格和所有格("的格")形式之分,而"的格"又有形容詞和名詞兩種形式,即:I, me, my (mine),/ we, us, our (ours) / he , him, his (his) / she, her, her (hers) / they, them, their (theirs) / you, you, your (yours) / it, it, its (its) 這里就不詳細(xì)講解了。記住一點(diǎn):形容詞"的格"永遠(yuǎn)不能單獨(dú)使用;名詞"的格"永遠(yuǎn)是單獨(dú)使用的。
實(shí)例:
Come if you like to see ______ painting. ______ very beautiful.
A. your / That's
B. her's / It's
C. hers / That's
D. his / It's
解題思路:根據(jù)形式和上述使用原則,B(形式錯(cuò)誤),C(hers只能單獨(dú)使用),故是錯(cuò)的。A邏輯不通,且使用不當(dāng),故正確答案只能是D
2、名詞的所有格和雙重所有格
英語(yǔ)中除了人稱代詞,其他名詞沒有主格和賓格之分。表示一個(gè)名詞"…的"時(shí),稱為所有格,即"的格".英語(yǔ)中"的格"一般用介詞"of "或名詞后加"'"來(lái)表示,如:"學(xué)校的財(cái)產(chǎn)",原則上可以有兩種表達(dá)方式:the property of the school或 the school's property.但是若用此表達(dá)"魯迅的書" Luxun's book 或a book of Luxun時(shí),便可能出現(xiàn)意義上的混淆,即,也可能是"一本關(guān)于魯迅的書".因此,若要表示"魯迅(擁有的)書"時(shí),要表達(dá)為a book of Luxun's , 稱為"雙重所有格",即"of "與 "'"同時(shí)使用。
雙重所有格除了以上用途外,還表示親切,如:a friend of my father's比 my father's friend更顯親切。
解題思路:考試時(shí)如果你實(shí)在搞不清,應(yīng)傾向選擇有","的選項(xiàng),如:
My wife bought me ______ at a ______ shop.
A. a piece of clothes / tailors
B. a new clothing / tailor
C. an article of clothing, tailor's
D. a piece of clothing, tailor's
解題思路:這道題考兩個(gè)語(yǔ)法點(diǎn):?jiǎn)挝辉~和所有格。如果考生看不懂這個(gè)句子,一般應(yīng)在C、D中選擇,正確答案是C(一件衣服), "一塊布"用a piece of cloth
3、反身代詞-self /-selves
1) 反身代詞-self /-selves不能脫離其主格或賓格單獨(dú)使用,如不能說(shuō): The boss wanted to have a talk with herself.(老板想親自和她談?wù)劇?→ The boss (himself) wanted to have a talk with her herself. 實(shí)際使用中很少會(huì)這樣講話。
2) 注意以下表達(dá)方式:
of one's own / to oneself 如:She wants to have a room of her own (to herself) (她想要一間屬于自己的房間。)
on one's own 如:She wants to finish it on her own. (她想獨(dú)立完成這項(xiàng)工作。)
by oneself, 如:She has been living by herself for three years.(她已單身生活了三年。)
以上講了許多關(guān)于名詞的數(shù)與格問題,內(nèi)容似乎很多。但考試時(shí),此類題目只占1-2題,復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)不要花費(fèi)太多的時(shí)間。
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