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2015年英語四級閱讀理解模擬題（第四套）
第一篇：
“With the increase in the number of such advertisements, however, each advertiser within a certain group is competing with others in the same group for the reader’s attention”，故選項D正確。 Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to old cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Some other researchers who study various aspects of mental life, maintain those rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks in grade-school children suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal Personality and Social Psychology.
“If they know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Esenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.”
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Esenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore falling grades.
In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economics, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
1. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward ____.
A) the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards
B) the appropriate amount of external rewards
C) the study of relationship between actions and
D) the effects of external rewards on students' performance
2. What is the view held by many educators concerning external rewards for students?
A) They approve of external rewards.
B) They don't think external rewards.
C) They have doubts about external rewards.
D) They believe external rewards can motivate small children, but not college students.
3. According to the result of the study mentioned in the passage, what should educators do to stimulate motivation and creativity?
A) Give rewards for performances which deserve them.
B) Always promise rewards.
C) Assign tasks which are not very challenging.
D) Be more lenient to students when mistakes are made.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ____.
A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students’
B) punishment is more effective than rewarding
C) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards
D) discouraging the students anticipation for easy rewards is matter of urgency
5.Which of the following facts about “token economics” is not correct?
A) Students are assigned challenging tasks.
B) Rewards are given for good performances.
C) Students are evaluated according to the effort they put into the task.
D) With token economics, students’ creativity can be enhanced.
答案與解析：
1. D
心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為外界的獎勵對學(xué)生會有不同的影響。事實辨析題。根據(jù)文章第一句話“Psychologists take opposing views of how external re wards, from warm praise to old cash, affect motivation and creativity”可知，心理學(xué)家的分歧在于來自外界的獎勵對學(xué)生的積極性和創(chuàng)造性究竟有什么影響，故選項D正確.
2. C
許多教育家對外界的獎勵持懷疑態(tài)度。
文章第二段第一句話提到，后一種觀點得到了許多教育工作者的支持，從第一段中可知，后一種觀點是：獎勵會促使學(xué)生對別人的贊許和饋贈產(chǎn)生依賴心理，因此獎勵會破壞創(chuàng)造精神。由此可知，他們對獎勵的正面作用持懷疑態(tài)度。故選項C正確。
3. A
根據(jù)文中的研究結(jié)果表明，教育家通過給予學(xué)生應(yīng)得的獎勵來提高他們的積極性和創(chuàng)造性。文章第三段指出，給予學(xué)生恰當(dāng)?shù)莫剟�，可使他們發(fā)揮更大的創(chuàng)造性，但如果對糟糕的表現(xiàn)也給予獎勵，或讓學(xué)生對獎勵有太多的期許，反而會扼殺創(chuàng)造性。故選項A正確。
4. B
從文中可以得知，一些重點大學(xué)試圖加強(qiáng)等級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，因為他們相信懲罰比獎勵更有效。事實辨析題。從文中第四段可知，許多大學(xué)之所以嚴(yán)格考試的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，是因為“A teacher ... who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students”。選項B 與此意相同。
5. C
根據(jù)學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)對他們做出評價。事實辨析題。根據(jù)最后一段的意思，在這種獎勵制度下，要根據(jù)學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)對他們做出評價，而不僅僅是他們花費了多少精力來完成任務(wù)，故選項C正確。
第二篇：
Classified advertising is that advertising which is grouped in certain sections of the paper and is thus distinguished from display advertising. Such groupings as “Help Wanted”, “Real Estate”, “Lost and Found” are made, the rate charged being less than for display advertising. Classified advertisements are a convenience to the reader and a saving to the advertiser.
The reader who is interested in a particular kind of advertisement finds all advertisements of that type grouped for him. The advertisers may, on this account, use a very small advertisement if it were placed among larger advertisements in the paper. It is evident that the reader approaches the classified advertisement in a different frame of mind from that in which he approaches the other advertisements in the paper. He turns to a page of classified advertisements to search for the particular advertisement that will meet his needs. As his attention is voluntary, the advertiser does not need to rely too much extent on display type to get the reader’s attention. Formerly all classified advertisements were of the same size and did not have display type. With the increase in the number of such advertisements, however, each advertiser within a certain group is competing with others in the same group for the reader’s attention. In many cases, the result has been an increase in the size of the space used and the addition of headlines and pictures. In that way, the classified advertisement has in reality advertisement. This is particularly true of real estate advertising?
1. All of the following facts are advantages of classified advertisement for advertisers EXCEPT that ____.
A) classified advertisement charges less money
B) it is easier to attract the attention of the target consumers
C) it provides more information for the readers
D) it does not have to rely too much on display type
2. One of the examples given of types of classified advertisement is ____
A) houses for sale
B) people who are asking for help
C) people who are lost
D) job vacancies
3. What sort of attitude do people have when they look at classified advertisement, according to the writer?
A) They are in the frame of mind to buy anything.
B) They are looking for something they need.
C) They feel lost because there are so many advertisements.
D) They feel the same as when they look at display advertisements.
4.According to the passage, in which way have the classified advertisements changed nowadays?
A) They depend more on display type.
B) More money is charged for them.
C) They are divided into more groups.
D) They are less formal.
5.Why have classified advertisements changed in appearance?
A) Because people no longer want headlines and pictures.
B) Because real estate advertising is particularly truthful now.
C) Because the increase in the number of such advertisements means they have to be small now.
D) Because there are more advertisements now and more competition among advertisers.
答案與解析：
1. C
分類廣告的優(yōu)越性不包括為讀者提供更多的信息。事實辨析題。從文中可看出，分類廣告的優(yōu)越性在于收費低、無需很多的展現(xiàn)形式，以及更易吸引對某類廣告感興趣的讀者的注意力，因此A，B，D都正確。文中唯獨沒有提到C。
2. A
房地產(chǎn)業(yè)就是分類廣告的其中一塊。細(xì)節(jié)題。本題考察對“Real Estate”的理解，它的意思是“房地產(chǎn)”，故選項A 正確。
3. B
當(dāng)讀者看分類廣告時，他們會搜索自己需要的信息。事實辨析題。從文中可知，讀者在看分類廣告時和看展示廣告的注意力的模式是不一樣的，他們會去瀏覽自己感興趣的類別，查找所需信息。故選項B正確。
4. A
根據(jù)文章，分類廣告更多地依賴展現(xiàn)形式。推斷題。文章最后指出，由于競爭的加劇，分類廣告商們不得不用大標(biāo)題和圖片來吸引讀者的注意力。故選項A正確。
5. D
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